Han Fei Tzu and The Art of Hotel Management

Around 280 B. C. the royal family of Han gave pitch to adept of the dandyest philosophers of China, Han Fei Tzu. He studied under Sun Tzu, and in addition, from separate philosophers such as the Taoist Legalist philosopher, Shen Tao, and a Legalist philosopher, Shen Pu-hai. Though Han Fei Tzu did non invent Legalism, he furnished the ideas to its perfection. His theories went against those of Confuciuss and other philosophers, focusing more(prenominal) on the practical level. Though ill fated to die in the hand of his deliver student, Li Ssu, Han Fei Tzus theories prove successful in uniting China and establishing the first emperor of China.Han Fei Tzu is a Legalist. His ideas of organization cheek and function strove for those of extremes, of ut virtually reward and punishment. Han Fei Tzu foc intentiond on the artistry of distrust. His ideas couple those of the modern world business, where the society is filled with darkness. Moreover, his establishment of the hierarchy of government equals those of modern corporations. The Chief Executive Officer over take ups individually and every come in carried bug out, with specialists occupying different offices. oratory of corporations, in that respect is one industry that would draw Han Fei Tzus close attention.Not precisely when does Han Fei Tzus theories apply in this situation business furthermore, it actu all toldy functions in identical managements. In the hotel industry, the vital factor non only lies in skills, gravids, or gains. Hotel management, for the General Manager, foc occasions on the evasive action of administration. The society within the hotel stands upon tied complications between individuals. Each and every atom and staff deal not only with their duties. They face the challenge of cooperation and service. Thus, almost everyone in the hotel industry faces the challenge of culture, on the materialistic level.People do not approach without purpose. Deals and legal proceed ing lie infra every interaction. These deals and transactions whitethorn be job promotion, favours, etc. When there is no function for any additional help, battalion depart in their own ways. As one general manager describes, Id rather give way a dead on target enemy then all these false friends putt Han Fei Tzu and the art of hotel management together provides the perfect combo. Han Fei Tzus The Way of the normal should wrench in harmony with the way of a General Manager.On the level of executive administration, Han Fei Tzu said, The rule GM moldiness not reveal his desires for if he reveals his desires his ministers allow for put on the mask that pleases him. He moldiness not reveal his will for if he does so his ministers will show a different face. (P16) A GM, kinspersondred the prescript, moldiness not reveal his true self to his affianceees. By revealing the GMs true self, he is in any case showing his weakness. Thus, his employees will be acknowledged of where to get at the GM. By this, the GM loses his restrain and force over his staff particles, disabling the superiority over them.The skill to perfect the coverage of identity is trust. It is hazardous, Han Fei Tzu warns, for the ruler of men to trust others, for he who trust others will be controlled by others. (P84) When trusting others, one reveals his secrets to them. In turn, one day these secrets may bound and injure the position of the GM. Thus, making authoritative to ignore trusting others is a fundamental for GMs to stay in control. In connecter to trust is the way of assignment. How tin can the GM appoint positions if he ceases to trust anyone?This is done finished the means of observation. Han Fei Tzu recommended, if one were only to observe a mans features and dress and listen to his speech, then even Confucius could not be plastered what kind of person he is. besides if one tries him out in government office and examines his achievements, then even a man of int ermediate judgement can tell whether he is stupid or wise. (P124) The ending of the work is observed to judge a person. Intuitions and visuals argon discarded. Rather, results ar use to judge an individual and utilize to place him or her in the unspoiled office.Due to the fact that the world of hotel management lies in deep connection with socialization, the line between the manager and managed must be drawn. Henceforth, if the managed lacks the fear against the manager, the mark of the hotel will be disrupted. Employees will act lazily and try to garnish their workload. Thus, to avoid laziness and enhance work efficiency, extreme measures of punishment must be carried out. The enlightened ruler, Han Fei Tzu describes, controls his ministers by means of two handles alone.The two handles argon punishment and favor. (P30) With extreme punishment, the GM sets an example of how misconduct will be treated, while encouraging hard work by means of reward. The economic consumption of punishment and reward also allows greater control by the GM. Han Fei Tzu explains, the officials will turn their backs on law, seeking only to establish weighty in-person connections and making light of public duty. (P23) Through punishment and award, managers will be pulled away from attendance of establishing connections with higher executives, while focusing more on their duty.As mentioned above, the skill of socializing is so abused that hotel staffs solely confide upon connections to escape responsibility. Thus, they will learn that, though with connections, punishments will be carried out when duties are not fulfilled. Similarly, rewards will be given even there constitutes no connections, as long as the job is done right. Speaking of duties, the difference between executive officers and specialized staff must also be specified. Appoint one man to each office. Let no one, Han Fei Tzu suggests, do as he pleases, and never permit men to wobble office or to hold two offic es at the same time. (P39)A waiter is a waiter, and his duty is to serve the customer. Topping the waiters is the chief-waiter, who oversees the functioning of the restaurant. F/B (Food & Beverage) division manager sees to it that all the restaurants are providing the best service possible, keeping their customers content and jubilant. This is the distribution of responsibilities. To succeed in management, the GM must remember the words of Han Fei Tzu, where the ministers name their proposals, the ruler holds fast to the name, and the ministers come previous with results.When names and results match, then superior and inferior will achieve harmony. (P37) onenesss own duty must be recognized, and regardless of the greatness of the task, only by the fulfillment of every detail can a hotel function in its proper way. Moreover, things have their proper place, talents their proper use. When all are in their proper place, then superior and inferior may be free from action. (P35) Each member of the hotel secures their own position, making sure they have good ethics in their duties. One must not cross the lines of their responsibility, for it brings disorder and confusion to the hotel as a strong.Everyone minds their own task, and when constitute a certain position, they focus their energy to fulfill the requirements. Relating the bondage of duties and socialization of hotel members enter the competition for position. Every staff functional in a hotel looks up to a higher level. They want to fire their status to amplify their salary, to gain a better reputation, or other unspecific reasons. As a result, while everyone is socializing, treating each other in friendly matters, each one is in fact selfish. In reality, they fight over positions beneath the surface.Thus, a GM must guard against danger, fear peril, enlighten surge to designate your heir, and misfortune will have no means to arise. As long as the GM announces the entitlement of certain positions, individuals will be alive(predicate) of the occupied office, thus ceasing to plot for competitions. Even as the wellspring of a hotel, the GM has to work in order to gain the favor of his colleagues. contradictory the times of Han Fei Tzu, where the emperor ruled a province, GMs ruled only a hotel. Thus, punishments such as beheading and property confiscation could not be utilized.An alternative would be persuasion, to successfully convince his employees to follow his orders. This would be the example of rewards, or wages. Han Fei Tzu suggests, praise other men whose deeds are like those of the person you are talking to commend other actions which are establish upon the same policies as his. Though this strategy is for ministers, the employers nowaold age should also insure this tactic. Through persuasion, the GM may be able to command his people with greater efficiency. The hotel is like a province, and similar to ancient China, there exist more than one province.Competing ho tels stand everywhere, and they are the ones that the GM battles. Thus, the GM must know how to maximize the usage of public resource and private crownwork to triumph in sales over other hotel competitors. Han Fei Tzu has already seen the meaning in resource allocation, as he describes, When the sage rules, he takes into shape the quantity of things and deliberates on scarcity and plenty. (P99) Though by this Han Fei Tzu means in terms of punishment and reward, this rule would be applied towards the usage of capital and investment, for the time is situated for such measures.The alter of technology and uprising of unsanded competing hotels also forces the GM to decide on major upgrades for the hotel. Which component of the hotel should the GM upgrade? Should technology be weighed heavier, or should the GM renovate the scout? Han Fei Tzu recommends, Those who have no understanding of government always tell you, neer intensify old ways, never depart from established custom But the sage cares nothing about change or no change his only concerns is to rule properly. (P93)By this, the GMs responsibility is to make the best decisions for the hotel, and because circumstances change according to the age, and ways of dealing with them change with the circumstances, (P99) the GMs decisions would be in reaction to the functions of competing hotels. If Hyatt renovated their lobby, Sheratons would check to see if this did create a higher room sales rate. If so, the Sheratons should also upgrade their lobby facility to compete against Hyatt. One busyly important piece of music of Han Fei Tzu is The Eight Villainies. This not only applies as a warning against the ruler and advice for the minister, it can also be manipulated to be used by the GM.Han Fei Tzu would surely enjoy seeing his tactics used to its full extent. Here is a briefing for how this Eight Villainies can be deployed and modernized for the best use by the GM Making use of his bedfellows = Immediatel y upon distribution of reward, the GM may hope to ask for greater job performances, prior to the fountain one. Making use of his attendants = The GM, as the head of the hotel, can force set out employees such as waiters to agree with the GM, thus convincing the waiter-head to be held responsible for certain events. This applies to other offices as well.Making use of his elder and kin = By visiting the families of his employee, the GM may be more compelling and successful at convincing his employee at undertaking certain task, for the family, in consideration of promotions, will try to convince particular individuals to gain favor of the GM. Encouraging baleful pursuits = The GM may appoint certain managers or staffs a better office, with fully equipped furniture and luxuries, thus recruit heavier duty and greater responsibility unto the manager. Making use of the people = Considering one question, would the employees be in greater pursuit to gain favor from their GM or their ma nager?Given the fact that the GM is the head of the hotel, employees are certain to strive in contenting their wage-payer. Thus, the GM can impose a greater influence upon his employees to order managers indirectly to do so as the GM pleases. (This is very similar to Making use of his attendants) Making use of fluent speakers = In one way, the GM may assign speakers from favorite hotel management schools such as Cornell to speak in agreement with the GM. This increases credibility and enhances the strength of persuasion.Making use of authority and skill = The GM is the head of the hotel, thus he possesses the greatest authority and might in the hotel. victimization this power, the GM should exploit it to its full extent, by terminating unwanted managers or purposeless employees. Making use of the surrounding = The fact that there are competing hotels can too, be used to the GMs advantage. His position enables special connections with other executives, thus when the GMs own manag ers are not adjacent orders, the GM can make certain that he would not be able to gain a similar job at a different hotel. Only the GMs hotel is willing to accept this particular individual.Though these Eight Villainies may too, be used against the ruler -Han Fei Tzu wrote it as a warning to rulers- GM should also consider these tactics to employ them himself. A final warning Han Fei Tzu suggests is the trade of authority and power. In this case, Han Fei Tzu warns, no ministers should be allowed to borrow the power and authority of the ruler. (P89) The GM is indeed the most powerful man in the hotel. If he was to lend his authority to managers, this power may be exploited in terms of corruption. Money might be drained, employees might be lost, and worse, the GM himself may be used as a scapegoat.Overall, the vital mentality that should be considered is not only the GMs. The hotel functions as a whole, thus each and every member work together to benefit the hotel. In hotel manageme nt, the ways of the GM stands not alone, but with the support of his managers and employees. Thus, the mentality of these managers and employees should also be considered.Han Fei Tzu summarizes the core of this whole make believe. The interests of the state and the individual are, Han Fei Tzu analyzes, mutually at odds, and both cannot prevail at the same time. Managers and employees must not act selfishly to gain their own benefits, but rather, everyone must work with good ethics to strengthen the hotel as a whole. The question, what would Han Fei Tzu say about hotel management, is asked. In response, Han Fei Tzu would description, Hence it is said that the art of hotel management affiliates itself to the rules of a king, they work in the same mechanism. Han Fei Tzu would promote a copy of his philosophies to the GM of the hotel. The ways of the ancient government and modern hotel construct are identical.The only difference lies in the lack of military. Yet, without military and arms, the essence of Han Fei Tzus philosophies remains. Without the conduct of arms, persuasion is the new modern weapon. To manipulate the opinion of others is the new rule. Han Fei Tzus theories are in reality a cookbook for dealing with people. This works perfectly for hotel management because GMs deal more with socialization than actual hotel functioning. Indeed, there involve skill and talent to administer the hotel, besides in order for jobs to be done, the GM must learn how to control his managers and employees.Han Fei Tzu would have been the perfect GM if he lived. He would not comment on everything, but only minor details, for his theories apply in great affiliation with hotel management. Even on a greater level, Han Fei Tzus theories are in bondage to corporate functions. The weapon in the modern days though, is wealth. Han Fei Tzus thinking not only applies to hotel management, but it also works for corporate executives. Han Fei Tzu would have said the same things to each officer working in a firm, for his teachings hold true for everyone.Han Fei Tzus work is very a perfect guideline for modern day society, where people work to their own benefits and lack the altruistic characteristic that existed in ancient times. Han Fei Tzu focuses specifically on the level of trust and socialization. This skill is vital in the choice of society, because in the world of infinite talents, it is only luck and connection that surfaces a persons identity and ability. Han Fei Tzu, though dislike the fact that this is true, admits to the imperfection of the system. Human nature is ultimately bad and lazy. Each individual strives for their benefits, discarding gracious practice.Thus, Han Fei Tzu discredits and criticizes the theories of benevolence, particularly promoted by Confucius and Mencius. In the modern world, everyone tries to survive under the course of wealth and capitalism. They work in companies and firms to accomplish this goal. Yet, it is the inte raction of individuals that make up societies, communities, and corporations. Han Fei Tzu, if living in todays world, would indeed thrift in his philosophies, and make millions if he wrote the book, Han Fei Tzu and the Art of Humanistic Behavior. His ideas target not only rulers and ministers, they too, function well in todays world.

Disney & Lucas Film

Table of Contents Executive Summary i Introduction 1 enquire constancy Analysis 1 Disney Industry Analysis 3 inquire Company Analysis 4 pulverisation Analysis 6 Valuation 6 Disney Company Analysis 7 Sh ar Price Analysis 10 Examination of the Premium 12 Takeover Overview, Methods and Tactics 14 Analyst, Media and Legal Reaction 16 pass and Conclusion 17 References 19 Appendices 22 , increased pressure from eBook instauration and internet piracy. As such, this exertion grew an estimated 2. 50% from 2008 to 2009 and maintained a deepen Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5. 4% from 2000-2009 (Jackson, 2011). Licensing Marvels moment major unit of operation consist of its large licensing business. Marvel licenses the utilise of its various characters to gaming, flick, toy and television show producers alike. This foodstuff is primarily set by trademark and character licensing. As of 2007, Intellectual Property (IP) licensing represent a $USD 30 Billion market in the United State s (U. S. ) altogether (IBISWorld Licensing, 2012). IP licensing displayed constant harvest. However, in 2008 it incurred a slight contraction of 3. 4% due to the global financial crisis.As substantially, from 2000-2008 it had a CAGR of 5. 09%. Further, character and trademark licensing delineated more than 40. 0% of the total licensing market for 2012. The IP Licensing market is considered to be moderately aggregated with Disney acting as the attention leader (after its eruditeness of Marvel) with just over 10. 50% of market share (IBISWorld Licensing, 2012). However, the industry did exhibit lacklustre performance in 2009, (down almost 10. 00%) from its 2007 high. Film Production Marvels final major operational segment consists of its film product operations.Generally, the industry has consistently outperformed the market (CAGR 5. 80% from 2000-2009) and as of 2009 represented a $USD 118 Billion dollar market in the U. S. (Thomson ONE, 2012). The industry is highly unite w ith the net 10 studios (Disney being in second place), representing over 70. 00% of the market. (Nash, 2012). The ever-changing nature of consumer entertainment consumption is gradually eroding various industry segments such as DVD sales and DVD rentals. However, this has been compensated for by the adoption of other viewing alternatives like pay per view and localise broadcast television (Thomson ONE, 2012).Moreover, have managed to impose price increases on consumers. Thus, allowing them to progress to $USD 2. 5 Billion more in 2009 than in 2001 despite press down ticket sale volume for the same comparable period. (Nash, 2012). The film industry has also proven to be resistant to the economic downturns with moderate harvest-feast during the recessionary slumps of 2001, 2008 and 2009 (Thomson ONE, 2012). - Disney Industry Analysis Disney operates in two major segments licensing and entertainment. These segments are similar to the is Marvel operates in.However, Disney also inc orporates theme parks into its operations, thus differing from Marvel (Disney Financial Report, 2008). It should also be noted that Disney media services go well beyond simply producing childrens shows and films. They own several studios and until 2009 owned alphabet (Thomson ONE, 2012). It can be stated that, the two corporations with regards to their fictional character businesses, signal distinct node bases with respect to gender, but target similar customer bases with respect to age. Disney primarily targets oung children and puerile girls, whereas Marvel targets young adult males and teenage boys. Theme Parks Disney is the leader in the theme-park market with all of the perish 5 theme parks in the world belonging to this company. In 2009, although most theme parks experienced significant decreases in customer presence, Disney managed to actually increase attendance through appealing to local market and offering loyalty programs (AECOM, 2009). Over 185 Million people atten ded one of the top 25 theme parks in the world in 2009 (119 Million in the U. S).Attendance showed remarkable resilience in America with the top 20 parks in the U. S only losing a disunite of their attendance from their 2007 high, despite the financial crisis. (AECOM, 2009). The $USD 10. 70 Billion change significantly over the 3 year period. Net income quadrupled from 2006 to 2008 reaching an all clock time high of $USD 205 Million in 2008. Further, diluted earnings per share (EPS) crop exhibited similar performance, indicating no extraordinary abnormalities in executive compensation or share issuance (Marvel Annual Report, 2008).The company managed to decrease its total liabilities by over $90 Million from 2007 to 2008. As well, Marvel significantly bolstered its notes reserves from $USD 30 Million to $USD 105 Million. There was also a large increase in accounts receivable (A/R) from $USD 28. 70 Million in 2007 to over $USD 144 Million in 2008. However, given the fast growth of A/R and consistent inventory levels, this large increase warrants runty concern. As well goodwill, comprises over 30% of the corporations assets.It essential be noted that this goodwill was not accumulated via a pulsing acquiring strategy which was adopted by Tyco (Bruner, 2005). Thus, the goodwill was accumulated in a proper manner and not for the sole purpose of continually bolstering EPS and Price-to-Earnings ratios (Marvel Annual Report, 2008). Although the debt to equity (D/E) ratio is still moderately high (1. 36), the potent did manage to significantly decrease this ratio throughout the 2007-2008 period this was achieved by decreasing its liabilities and doubling its retained earnings.Moreover, an exorbitant $USD 251 Million cash expense for film inventory in 2007 contributed to the companys significant oppose cash flow for the year. if the premium paid is too high as Disney does not expect any cost-reduction or revenue-enhancement synergies from the spinal fusion (Bu siness Insider, 2009). Moreover, analysts see the erudition as a valuable opportunity for Disney to secure future gainful movies and contemplate the possible outcomes of movies based on Marvels characters feature with the animation resources of espoused by Disney and Pixar.Finally, Disneys previous acquisition of Pixar Animation studio apartment was incredibly fortunate, both in terms of revenue generation (each Pixar movie made post merger yielded large profits) and in terms of the desegregation of Pixar management into the Disney family (CNBC, 2009). By incorporating over 5,000 of Marvels characters into Disneys library, the media expects this merger to follow the same path and prove to be another successful acquisition story for Disney. Two days after the merger announcement, an individual blog speculated that security law had been infringed upon as a result of the deal.The hatch suggested that Marvels chief executive Mr. Perlmutter engaged in singular behaviour prior to t he merger. The blog stated that in February 2009, a confluence took place between the chairman of Marvels film naval division and Disneys CEO, where they discussed ways in which the relationship between the two companies could be extended. Two weeks following said meeting, Mr. Perlmutter was granted 514,354 options for Marvel shares with a regard price of $USD 25. 86 per share. Three weeks later, he was granted another 750,000 options at an exercise price of $USD 23. 5 per share. The representatives of the firms met again in the beginning of June and let on afterwards the possibility of a merger to the other managers (Wall Street Journal, folk 2009). In essence, the proximity of the dates in which Mr. Perlmutters was granted options renders the transaction shady . Although it is not unusual for Marvels employees to receive options as annual com addendum A VALUATION MODEL APPENDIX B wonderment 2008 ANNUAL REPORT (FINANCIALS) APPENDIX C DISNEY 2008 ANNUAL REPORT (FINANCIAL S) APPENDIX D DISNEY 2010 ANNUAL REPORT (FINANCIALS)

Conceptual framework

cast together all the materials that look at with similar topics. This way, you offer relate the studies with mavin another. 3. From the card catalogue in a library, you go away be up to(p) to identify a oblige that is closely relate to your study. Go to the ledge and pick out the phonograph record you subscribe identified. The materials in this al-Quran lead pay off supporting materials in other phonograph records on the selfsame(prenominal) shelf. olfactory sensation at other books locate above, below, to the right, and to the left of the book you have picked out. They whitethorn contain pertinent materials. 4. resuscitate to the list of references at the end of the book or journal you have found. Those references will puzzle you the needed relevant materials. How do you organize your RL? knavish concept(s) and variables offer practice as your head teacher and subheadings Chitin the write up, you can gain ground organize establish on chronology themes wr ite skills required n construction up the RL C Paraphrasing C Summarizing Managing sources CA Synthesizing C Citing or documenting sources What is a reword? restating an authors thinker in your deliver language and style (Plat et al. , 2007) consecrateting a course from an author into your bear words (The relievers Handbook, online) restating in your witness words the avowal of others a Techniques in paraphrasing 1. Imagine as if you were explaining the accepted school text to some unmatched who doesnt share the same background with that of the author of the true material. 2. Write the para word the way you sporty give that explanation. 3.Simplify the material, but asseverate its original ideas intact. standard paramusical phrase . PDF heavyset or prcis a condensed version of a longer text that represents the original ideas of the writers but indite in the words of the one committal to writing the summary (Plat et al. , 2007) a condensing of the original no rmally one after part to one third of the space (Tellurium, 2003 in Gonzales et al, no date) How to produce a summary 1. Read the expression to be summarized and be sure you get wind it. 2. Outline the word. Note the major(ip) tiers. 4. Always design paraphrase when rank a summary. If you do likeness a phrase from the original be sure it is a rattling important phrase that is necessary and cannot be paraphrased.In this case put quote attach or so the phrase. The romps of a 1. write down your summary with a take a crap identification of the eccentric of work, title, author, and main point in the present tense. congresswoman In the feature article quaternion Kinds of Reading, the author, Donald Hall, explains his opinion about contrasting types of reading. 2. Check with your analysis and your 3. Never put any of your own ideas, opinions, or interpretations into the marry. This means you have to be actually careful of your word choice. 4. Write using summarizing l anguage. sporadically remind your proof endorser that this is a summary by using phrases much(prenominal) as the article sample summary. UDF Quotation a reproduction of the authors adopt words, spelling and grammar proctor train sure you do not overuse quotations in your theme. Otherwise, your paper is simply a imitation of other peoples work. (Plat et al. , 2007) Rules for placing quotations 1. rank quotation marks around the quotation. 2. Introduce the quotation or place It in strait-laced context. . Copy quotations exactly as they are written. Synthesizing to combination the ideas of more than one source with your own implication Report culture from the sources using variant phrases and sentences. Organize so that readers can immediately look on where information from the sources overlap. Make sense of the sources and help the reader understand them in greater depth.conceptual frameworkPut together all the materials that deal with similar topics. This way, you can relate the studies with one another. 3. From the card catalogue in a library, you will be able to identify a book that is closely related to your study. Go to the shelf and pick out the book you have identified. The materials in this book will have supporting materials in other books on the same shelf. Look at other books located above, below, to the right, and to the left of the book you have picked out. They may contain relevant materials. 4. Refer to the list of references at the end of the book or journal you have found. Those references will give you the needed relevant materials. How do you organize your RL?Cute concept(s) and variables can serve as your heading and subheadings Chitin the write up, you can further organize based on chronology themes Writing skills required n building up the RL C Paraphrasing C Summarizing Managing quotations CA Synthesizing C Citing or documenting sources What is a paraphrase? restating an authors idea in your own words and style (Pla t et al. , 2007) position a passage from an author into your own words (The Writers Handbook, online) restating in your own words the statement of others a Techniques in paraphrasing 1. Imagine as if you were explaining the original text to soul who doesnt share the same background with that of the author of the original material. 2. Write the paraphrase the way you loud give that explanation. 3.Simplify the material, but keep its original ideas intact. Sample paraphrase . PDF Summary or prcis a condensed version of a longer text that represents the original ideas of the writers but written in the words of the one writing the summary (Plat et al. , 2007) a condensation of the original usually one fourth to one third of the length (Tellurium, 2003 in Gonzales et al, no date) How to produce a summary 1. Read the article to be summarized and be sure you understand it. 2. Outline the article. Note the major points. 4. Always use paraphrase when rating a summary. If you do copy a p hrase from the original be sure it is a very important phrase that is necessary and cannot be paraphrased.In this case put quotation marks around the phrase. The features of a 1. Start your summary with a clear identification of the type of work, title, author, and main point in the present tense. Example In the feature article Four Kinds of Reading, the author, Donald Hall, explains his opinion about different types of reading. 2. Check with your outline and your 3. Never put any of your own ideas, opinions, or interpretations into the marry. This means you have to be very careful of your word choice. 4. Write using summarizing language. Periodically remind your reader that this is a summary by using phrases such as the article sample summary. UDF Quotation a reproduction of the authors exact words, spelling and grammar Reminder Make sure you do not overuse quotations in your paper. Otherwise, your paper is simply a representation of other peoples work. (Plat et al. , 2007) Rules for placing quotations 1. Put quotation marks around the quotation. 2. Introduce the quotation or place It in proper context. . Copy quotations exactly as they are written. Synthesizing to combine the ideas of more than one source with your own Synthesis Report information from the sources using different phrases and sentences. Organize so that readers can immediately see where information from the sources overlap. Make sense of the sources and help the reader understand them in greater depth.Conceptual frameworkPut together all the materials that deal with similar topics. This way, you can relate the studies with one another. 3. From the card catalogue in a library, you will be able to identify a book that is closely related to your study. Go to the shelf and pick out the book you have identified. The materials in this book will have supporting materials in other books on the same shelf. Look at other books located above, below, to the right, and to the left of the book you hav e picked out. They may contain relevant materials. 4. Refer to the list of references at the end of the book or journal you have found. Those references will give you the needed relevant materials. How do you organize your RL?Cute concept(s) and variables can serve as your heading and subheadings Chitin the write up, you can further organize based on chronology themes Writing skills required n building up the RL C Paraphrasing C Summarizing Managing quotations CA Synthesizing C Citing or documenting sources What is a paraphrase? restating an authors idea in your own words and style (Plat et al. , 2007) putting a passage from an author into your own words (The Writers Handbook, online) restating in your own words the statement of others a Techniques in paraphrasing 1. Imagine as if you were explaining the original text to someone who doesnt share the same background with that of the author of the original material. 2. Write the paraphrase the way you loud give that explanation. 3.Simplify the material, but keep its original ideas intact. Sample paraphrase . PDF Summary or prcis a condensed version of a longer text that represents the original ideas of the writers but written in the words of the one writing the summary (Plat et al. , 2007) a condensation of the original usually one fourth to one third of the length (Tellurium, 2003 in Gonzales et al, no date) How to produce a summary 1. Read the article to be summarized and be sure you understand it. 2. Outline the article. Note the major points. 4. Always use paraphrase when rating a summary. If you do copy a phrase from the original be sure it is a very important phrase that is necessary and cannot be paraphrased.In this case put quotation marks around the phrase. The features of a 1. Start your summary with a clear identification of the type of work, title, author, and main point in the present tense. Example In the feature article Four Kinds of Reading, the author, Donald Hall, explains his opinion a bout different types of reading. 2. Check with your outline and your 3. Never put any of your own ideas, opinions, or interpretations into the marry. This means you have to be very careful of your word choice. 4. Write using summarizing language. Periodically remind your reader that this is a summary by using phrases such as the article sample summary. UDF Quotation a reproduction of the authors exact words, spelling and grammar Reminder Make sure you do not overuse quotations in your paper. Otherwise, your paper is simply a representation of other peoples work. (Plat et al. , 2007) Rules for placing quotations 1. Put quotation marks around the quotation. 2. Introduce the quotation or place It in proper context. . Copy quotations exactly as they are written. Synthesizing to combine the ideas of more than one source with your own Synthesis Report information from the sources using different phrases and sentences. Organize so that readers can immediately see where information from the sources overlap. Make sense of the sources and help the reader understand them in greater depth.

Adults with Learning Disabilities Essay

The discourse of study disabilities is straightaway universe employ to challenge a wide range of acts and practices, including violence and intimidation, non-consenting sexual acts, the blusterous of little resilient ply by much than able assistance users, unacceptably deprived physical or social environments and financial suppuration or fraud. nigh argue that it should include all abuses of human rights.Clearly, these issues ar not untried as the following es tell illustrates, and historically around of these practices countenance been hidden within re ripening cultures while other(a)s take been kinda open but variously rationalized as behavior modification, bloods, catch and restraint, or not giving in to attention seeking. Abuse was regarded as a central, and inevitable, feature of institutionalized provision in influential models such as that of Goffman (1961) and Wolfensberger (1975 and 1980) within an analysis whose centering was on organizations and i deology.The unsanded discourse is much to a greater extent(prenominal) than in-personized and within it the focus is on the experience of the victim. This has some advantages for undivideds and highlights some dilemmas for service organizations. It makes clear that people with nurture disabilities argon harmed, as any individual would be, by ad hominem or sexual violence or exploitation. Harm is deemed equivalent whoever has start unwrapd it, for deterrent example whether it has been perpetrated by another service user, a member of staff or a stranger.This way of framing harmful acts highlights conflicts of interest between service users the discourse of challenging behavior for example, designed to neutralize the stigma of sticky behavior, inadvertently deflects from and discounts the experience of those on the receiving end of difficult behavior. Naming these acts as abusive confronts service agencies with the need for specialized, safe (expensive) placements for those who present a find to others.Men with instruction disabilities who slang difficult sexual behaviors, for example, are much placed alongside very vulnerable people, their demand for asylum winning precedence over the safety of more vulnerable people (Thompson and chocolate-brown 1998). But while this acknowledgement is a step forward for individuals ,the new discourse risks in the flesh(predicate)izing forms of mistreatment that arise out of societal and structural inequalities. At an individual level, when issues of power are overlooked or neutralized, abusive and exploitative interactivenesss stooge be explained away as relationships of choice.At a service level, new fault-lines between agencies and between purchasers, providers and regulators set up contingencies that make abuse more likely and less visible. At a societal level, there is growing inequality between the pay and litigateing conditions of give carerial, professional and so-called unconditioned staff withi n and across the statutory, private (for-profit) and voluntary (not-for-profit) sectors. Gender and race exacerbate the unequal position of direct care staff and the disproportional responsibility that falls on them. This paper divides into two parts.First, I shall reassessment the current usage of the term instruction disabilities, looking at how it is being defined and categorized. Second, I will outline what is emerging as healthy practice in this field. WHAT DOES A LEARNING DISABILITY LOOK homogeneous? Let me explain this with an exaomple Saras disembodied spiritlong difficulty with get a lineing and makeup had nothing to do with not being smart. Most individuals who use up a training dis susceptibility are of average to above average intelligence activity and therefore have the intellectual potential to succeed at give lessons and in careers. But they often do not r all(prenominal) this potential. mend effort and motivation are master(prenominal) for success, it i s clearly unfair to say of someone with a acquirement dis faculty that he or she salutary needs to try heavy(p)er. No matter how hard Sara worked, her problems did not go away. We know that a knowledge disability is caused by specific disfunction within the central nervous system. The central nervous system, made up of the brain and the spinal cord, controls everything we do our ability to play and think close language and to express ourselves verbally, as well as our ability to process nonverbal information, including art or music.Saras symptoms included reversing or rotating number (6 for 9), letters (b for dp for q), and words (was for saw on for no) when authorship omitting letters and sounds and making sound and word substitutions when canvassing (tril for trial whence(prenominal) for there). Such problems make it difficult to decode words, and these decipherment errors are most evident when reading aloud. Though never diagnosed, Saras symptoms became evident in fi rst grade, when formal reading instruction began. As we learn to read we essentialiness of course master the alphabet, which is like a code, and learn the relationship between letters and sounds.Reading is a process of decoding the clusters of letters, converting them into words, and then attaching meaning to the words. In galore(postnominal) cases, problems with phonological bear upon the ability to receive, transform, remember, and incur the sounds of oral language interfere with the acquisition of reading skills. Phonological processing involves the ability to separate a word into its component parts or blend sounds to construct a word. Problems with these skills make it very hard for the starting prison term subscriber to give fluency.Comprehension of written material depends on true and fluent decoding, a good vocabulary, and comprehension of the well-formed structure of sentences. When these skills are not developed that is, when they are slow and labored the reade r must devote more energy and effort to identifying and comprehending each individual word, earlier than constructing meaning from an entire paragraph or from general context. For many years, look intoers believed that the reader automatically moved from reading the words on a varlet to comprehending, without participating in the process of constructing meaning.But recent research points to the occurrence that the reader plays an supple role utilize background knowledge active the subject, calling on appropriate strategies for both decoding and comprehension, and applying the right beat of attention and concentration. Reading strategies are now considered essential components of the reading process. These king include paraphrasing while reading or summarizing afterward to attention with comprehension. commensurate readers are able to evaluate the reading task and select strategies that are a good fit or match to the task.In Saras case, she read slowly and had to reread mat erial several clocks, so she ensnare it difficult to comprehend content or recall important facts when questioned somewhat them later. Unlike good readers, she did not rely on strategies that could help her. She too campaignd with writing. many an(prenominal) times she was ashamed to submit patient reports because she knew they were filled with spelling, punctuation, and grammatical errors and were not organized or structured well. Her reports never reflected her knowledge or keen insight into patient care.Writing problems can be seen at any age, although they become more evident as academic or work demands increase. While Sara knew what she wanted to say, she had trouble getting started, focusing on the essential facts, and editing efficaciously. She tended to use the same words over and over. This was so dissimilar from her spoken language, which was rich and varied. Not surprisingly, it took her a long time and a good buy of effort to complete her reports. Her mathematic al skills, though, were more than adequate.But there are people with learning disabilities who have problems reason mathematical concepts or difficulty solving verbal or written mathematical problems. These problems whitethorn stem from more than one source, including inadequate spacial or directional sense and difficulty understanding abstract symbols or the language of mathematics. To use a elemental example, someone who does not have a good understanding of concepts such as plus and subtraction is going to find it hard to identify the process needed to straighten out a mathematical problem. Learning strategies will be of great help to this person.Sara was also troubled by her erratic performance at work. Some days, she would be fine. But when she was fatigued or stressed, she prove her attention was vile and she made more than the usual number of errors. At these times, she did not expression in control and usually needed to take a chemise and call on the support of frie nds to help her get back on track. While Sara felt her social life to be strength, some individuals who have learning disabilities have difficulty in social situations because they cannot perceive others needs and make or keep friends.Relationships with family and friends and associates on the job whitethorn suffer. As a way of compensating, an individual may avoid social situations tout ensemble and thus become isolated. Others may dispute with low self-esteem and a lack of assertiveness, which can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies of runure. Moreover, repeated negative experiences in teach and at scale can discourage an individual from even trying. more individuals who have learning disabilities have difficulty planning ahead and then evaluating their performance in academic courses or work-related tasks.Planning involves the ability to regularize the outlines of a task and the skills it will require. Planning helps us sire strategies or know when to ask for outside help. We are not always cognizant of initiating this subject of planning because so many tasks are performed automatically, such as remembering a frequently called phone number by using a mnemonic, or writing notes in a book or on a memo. But when tasks are new or complex, active planning is needed. Other learning problems may stem from an inability to be intimate ones time effectively to get something done on schedule.For example, many college students do not leave sufficient time to research and write a term paper, and end up frantically complete it the night before it is due. Or a manager may learn writing a budget or marketing report, finding it hard to begin. In order to use strategies at schooling, at home, or on the job, we need to be alive(predicate) of ourselves as learners. Researchers have suggested that each of us has our own built-in executive function that directs and controls our actions. If this executive is efficient and aware of individual skills and the strategie s needed to accomplish a task, the appropriate plan of action can be put into effect.If the plan is unsuccessful, then the executive reevaluates and initiates a new course of action. Individuals who have learning disabilities have a less efficient executive, the theory goes, and are therefore less able to generate and use effective strategies in their personal and professional lives. In supplement to learning disabilities, a large number of adults suffer from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). ADHD affects an individuals ability to focus and concentrate on school or work tasks, and to make good use of strategies. The struggle to achieve is so much harder with the added burden of ADHD.Although external factors do not cause a learning disability, we know that they do play a evidentiary role in learning. It is well documented that the environment we live and work in influences and helps to shape our learning patterns, behavior, and s ense of self. Research has consistently shown that the type and quality of support provided both at school and within the home are strong determinants of success in school, at work, or in ones personal life. For example, a supportive family, early acknowledgment of learning problems, and appropriate intervention may make all the variation in helping an individual compensate for the disability.Learning disabilities are found throughout the world and in all socioeconomic groups they are not bound by culture or language. Approximately the same meter of males as females have learning disabilities, and the problem tends to run in families. Many prominent figures in politics, science, and the arts are reported to have had a learning disability, among them Nelson Rockefeller, Winston Churchill, Albert Einstein, Thomas Edison, and Auguste Rodin. Einstein, for example, was described as having difficulty learning a foreign language and mathematics of all thingsHe also struggled with othe r academic subjects and with writing. All adults face the challenges and rewards of employment, home and family, leisure pursuits, community involvement, aroused and physical health, and personal responsibility and relationships. Adults who have learning disabilities must manage these life demands with an added set of problems. Society expects adults to be self-supporting, to function within a community, and to exhibit appropriate social behavior. Typically, to be self-supporting one must be employed. Employment for most adults spans a long period of time.It may begin with the exit from high school and continue for fifty or more years. While research on the employment of adults who have learning disabilities is sparse, and the findings that are available reflect the heterogeneity of the population, the information reported is alas discouraging. It suggests that individuals with learning disabilities, as a group, show higher rates of unemployment, have jobs of lower status, receive lower pay, and change jobs more frequently than those without learning disabilities. Of course, there are many individuals at all levels of the workforce who do attain professional success.Further, there are well-documented accounts of persons with learning disabilities throughout biography who have made significant contributions to society, among the most notable being Einstein, Edison, Churchill, and Rockefeller. It is important to keep in mind that adults who have learning disabilities who have above average intelligence, come from middle to higher economic backgrounds, and/or have completed postsecondary education, have higher rates of employment, higher job status, and greater job satisfaction than this research indicates.Those who graduate from college are much more likely to hold professional or managerial positions, for example, than those who have simply a high school diploma. What makes success on the job so difficult for some people with learning disabilities? For one thing, persistent problems with reading, writing, and arithmetic can interfere with their work. Many report that they continue to struggle with decoding skills, sight vocabulary, and reading rate. Banking tasks and money management often bring out their troubles with arithmetic.Spelling is frequently reported to be the biggest problem of all. The level of prefatorial skills that is required in the current job market is expanding to include more abstract abilities. Employers want their workers not only to be proficient in basic skills but also to be able to use these skills effectively and efficiently to solve on-the-job problems. Employers want the people they hire to be able to read for information, to analyze and synthesize the material, and apply the material read to on-the-job situations.They further expect employees to analyze problems, formulate solutions, and communicate that process, in writing, to others. Workplace mathematics, like reading and writing, also requires iden tification of the problem, analysis, and then the ability to find a solution. Employers further expect good interpersonal skills. The ability to use technology and information systems is becoming more essential as well. To do all of these things efficiently and effectively, workers must have mastered basic skills and be able to apply thinking skills.They also need personal qualities such as individual responsibility, self-esteem, and self management. The nature of a learning disability may affect the development of some of these competencies. For example, because of years of struggle and failure, self-esteem may be low and self-monitoring skills may not be functioning effectively. Employers often do not understand what a learning disability is, thus making it even more difficult for the adults with learning disabilities whom they supervise.Because employers cannot see the disability and may have limited knowledge round learning disabilities, they may find it difficult to understand that the problems are real. on that pointfore, they may fail to provide the necessary accommodations and supportive environment. They may often fail to recognize that, with assistance, workers who have learning disabilities may be tremendous assets to the company. A learning disability is a lifelong condition. Some adults, by the time they have completed their formal education, have learned to compensate for their difficulties.For many others, difficulties continue and to varying tips impact on careers, social relationships, and activities of daily living. on that point are adults who were diagnosed as children and received services under the guidelines of PL 94-142. But more and more adults, who never knew why school was so hard, are now addressing the problem by initiating an assessment and seeking services to help them love with their disabilities. Adults who have learning disabilities are a heterogeneous group.Some struggle with reading and writing, some with mathematical t asks, some with the basic challenges of daily life. There are adults who have learning disabilities who have trouble finding and property a job others are professionally successful yet cannot bet to develop a satisfying social life. And there are those who front to have few problems as they successfully negotiate the range of lifes demands. Adults who have learning disabilities are not merely children with learning disabilities grown up. The impact of having a learning disability differs at each stage of development.And adulthood itself has many stages, each with its strange challenges. Satisfaction or dissatisfaction at one stage does not guarantee the same degree of adjustment at another. At one point, the adult might deal with self-identity, at another with employment and economic independence, and still another with personal responsibility and relationships. As a group, adults who have learning disabilities represent a broad spectrum of the population. We see individuals of different ages, from different socioeconomic, ethnic, and cultural groups.We see different clusters of social and learning problems that affect education, social, personal, and occupational adjustments. The field now recognizes the unique needs of the adult who has learning disabilities, and as such has responded by providing legal protection, programs, services, and an ever-developing information base. Where do we stand today?References Erikson, E. H. 1968. Identity Youth and crisis. spic-and-span York Norton. Hallahan, D. P. , Lloyd, J. W. , Kauffman, J. M. , Weiss, M. P. , & Martinez, E. A. (2005). Learning disabilities Foundations, characteristics, and effective teaching (3rd ed.). Toronto Pearson Education, Inc. Johnson, D. J. , & Blalock, J. W. (1987). Adults with learning disabilities Clinical studies. Orlando Grune & Stratton. Jordan, D. R. (1996). Teaching adults with learning disabilities. The professional practices in adult education and human resource development serie s. Malabar, Fla Krieger Pub. Shapiro, J. , & Rich, R. (1999). Facing learning disabilities in the adult years. New York Oxford University Press. Wong, B. Y. L. (1998). Learning just about learning disabilities. San Diego Academic Press.

How Miller Creates Conflict in the Crucible?

English Controlled Assessment Draft Conflict in the crucible The play I am studying for this essay is called The Crucible and I will be focusing on Act 1 of the book. The question I will be answering is whats the roughly top executiveful type of remainder in the discourteousing deed of conveyance of the crucible? The word conflict means a state of disharmony, opposition and or fighting. The conflict portrayed in the Crucible is often described as tools used to describe eveningts in milling machines clock time period.For example, witchcraft doesnt embody in capital of Oregon yet that is the basis of the business relationshipline of the play and some population die as a root of accusations over witchcraft. During the time Miller wrote this book, the cold war was happening and numerous people in America were criminate of communism (including Miller himself), when they were accused they were r breakinely asked to retrovert names of other communists which is the same as t he witches in capital of Oregon were asked, whether the lusus naturae come-with a nonher person and many of these people turned out to not be communists in the first place same as the accused witches.So it seems that Miller uses the fact there were not any witches in Salem as a metaphor bring uping there were not any communists in America. Miller conveys Putman as a source of conflict as a result of his rivalry for power with Parris. This is demonstrated when Mr Putman is seen as attempting to stir caper over Parriss filles situation No witchcraft Now play you Mr Parris.As Parris is so plainly defiant in his denial of witchcraft change his daughter, this portrays Mr Putman as deliberately trying to annoy Parris to most probable conduct him look like a loose cannon in the eyeball of Salem to steal his job. Which makes sense as Miller tells us that the Putnams resent Parris and Mr Putnam wanted his brother in law to have Parriss position. The directive Now look you magnifies this as although Parris has more authority than him, he is already seen as trying to order Parris around.This is then amplified when Parris replies stating They will yammer me out of Salem for such corruption in my house as Mr Putnam is seen as the main rival to Parris, it seems that Parris implies that Mr Putnam is the one who will howl him out of Salem. In addition, the word Howl at first seems to be a hyperbole as Salem is first thought of as a good religious residential atomic number 18a, but it then creates contrast towards the end of act one as the town is seen as willing to give the expiry penalty to children because they think that their witches This woman must be hanged . This creates tension end-to-end the auditory modality as it makes them realize Salem isnt as unify as it first seemed and there is a massive power splutter between the two families as howl also portrays Mr Putnam as a monster, more specifically a werewolf which is a mythological predatory animal a nd predators like to be at the top of the food chain. However, Parris already has a place on top of the metaphorical food chain which places Putnam and Parris as natural rivals.Also, it creates tension in the audience by showing only when how important power is in Salem as Parris and Putman both awe more about power and their reputation than their own daughters. Millers intentions of this may be to show that people will act in extreme ways to protect themselves including neglecting their daughter, which links concealment to Millers era as many accused communists were interrogated under torture and many tried to run leaving behind their families.In the play the crucible Miller portrays a comm symmetry in conflict when proctors commitment to their puritan political orientation is doubted. This is demonstrated when Proctor states No, No, Abby. Thats done with when Abigail appears to flirt with him. The connotation of Thats done with suggests that Proctor once committed the sin of Adultery with her which is a very serious sin to the Puritans. The repetition of No, No shows that proctor knows hes done a bad thing not retributive in terms of the Puritan Ideology but also in terms with his own morals.However, the fact Abigail wants to do it again and doesnt mean it a bad thing shows the conflict and divides between the older and jr. generations in Salem as the younger generations contend the Puritans rules without remorse. This creates nervousness within the audience as it demonstrates alone how fragile the unity of the community in Salem is. It also links back to Millers intentions as he may be trying to suggest that paranoia divided communities as it did in America when many people were world accused of communism over little things.Miller intensifies a sense of conflict towards the end of act 1 through a fast paced view when multiple accusation of witchcraft are made. This is started when Abigail exclaims I want to open myself and from there onwards Bet ty also takes up the chant and blames people I saw Martha Bellows with the devil The fact that the curtain descends with Devil as the last word spoken reflects the state of fear on point and the divides caused by this conflict to Salem as normally the people of Salem talk about God but as a result of this conflict they end by talking about he Devil, an insane thing for them. The use of Exclamation marks, snappy sentences and the amount of accusations made infers that it is a fast paced, loud scene and reflective of the hysteria on stage. This creates spectacular irony towards the audience as they know the truth which is that witchcraft doesnt actually exist, the fact witchcraft is punishable by death shows them that the girls are willing to let someone else die to prove themselves innocent frankincense creating a sense of conflict.The repetition of the word Devil towards the end makes the audience feel sympathy towards the people that are getting blamed as they know that none of it is actually true. This can be linked back to Millers intentions as he may be trying to show that when people fear for their life they are willing to lie and blame others to fulfil themselves which also occurred during the cold war (Millers era) when people lied and blamed other people of being communists to avoid themselves going to prison.To conclude, there have been many powerful conflicts throughout act 1, my final judgement is the rivalry of power between Parris and Putnam is the most powerful conflict. This is important as it provides the baseline for the story line. Parris states that there are factions after his position in Salem, It is likely that he is meaning the Putnam family as they are seen as a main counter rival in The Crucible against Parris. He describes calling for Reverend hug as a precaution but denies that witchcraft is the reason for his daughters problem.As a result it is likely that he called for Mr Hale just so Mr Putnam doesnt complain and demand his r emoval from power, so it is necessity that Miller introduced with this conflict as without it the play wouldnt be as gripping. This conflict effects the audience by making them realize that even before witchcraft entered the picture there was already a discretion in the community relations in Salem and its likely that these conflicts would probably at some time be realised and incite irrational action. Witchcraft is seen as just the trigger to this.

The EU Trade policy aims to develop both multilateral liberalization..

IntroductionIt is much said that the atomic number 63an Union ( E.U. ) is an frugal giant plainly a governmental midget . If the 2nd dictation seems controversial, the beginning(a) 1 is verified. Indeed, the E.U. is a major trading power as it is the initiation s freehandedst exportinger ( 16.2 % of planetary exports 1 ) and aftermather of goods and services, accounting for a matchless-fifth of universe tidy sum 2 .The European Union has been developing its inhering commercialize since 1993 and the Individual Market Program . Following the regains of the GATT/WTO 3 , which is an organisation for liberalising deal out 4 as it is written on the web site, the E.U. has borrowed a broad palaver found on the aim of loosening. Associated with the neoclassical stinting theory, the European rest could be defined as an unfastened marketplace with free arguing ( art. 119 Lisbon Treaty ) , without obstructions or barriers to merchandise. clause 206 of the Lisbon T reaty underlines the importance of the part of the EU to the study of universe craft and to the progressive abolition of limitations on world-wide work . The EU Trade indemnity, as a tool of entree to the slackening, is pursued by the Common Commercial insurance ( CCP ) , which has been a portion of the community competencies since the Treaty of Rome. The implicit in archetype is that easiness of backing has brought and forget convey economic benefits and growing 5 , which is the first banner to a public assistance system and a peaceful society.The EU Trade polity aims to develop twain many-sided easiness and regional integrating. The OECD defines the EU heap policy as Partially by necessity, partially by design, the EU s conduct policy has been go on two legs since its early yearss many-sided relaxation and regional integrating. 6 The Lisbon Treaty considered that the CCP shall be conducted in the context of the rules and aims of the Union s external a ction . Therefore, the external belongings of the EU trade has make on the SM as the internal policy interplays with advancement in the SM.Presents, the E.U has become an attractive economic pole of about 500 one million million million consumers, developing intra-EU and extra-EU exchanges. However, this attraction, this magnet consequence ( S. McGuire ) , has provoked a defensive reception from the Member States ( MS ) , fueling the demand to protect the SM from external competition. 7 The analogue of nakedness seems to be the containment of external scuppers which poop destabilise the SM and the whole European economic system. Many physical or administrative barriers nonoperational die hard and the EU has even created new barriers as proficient 1s, linked to the alleged European values. If the EU is non a plump fortress , these obstructions argon harmful and lead to circumvent universe trade understandings. In such a slip, the dealingss in the midst of Trade Polic y and the loosening of the SM be neither systematic nor drone.Sensitive goods Would all sectors be wholly liberalized? Duties and non-tariffs barriers to merchandise.The EU remains stigmatized for utilizing protectionist mechanisms for sectors such as coarse merchandises and fabric and vesture. The EU is a point user of subsidies, anti-dumping steps and voluntary export restraints ( VER ) in order to protect the alleged sensitive sectors which still remain a beginning of tenseness between WTO members. Indeed, the external dimension of the EU Trade policy convergences with the internal Common Agricultural Policy ( tip ) . The CAP has been created in order to protect the internal European agricultural market, break shorting the market entree to EU trade spouses and lessening exports 8 .This policy was applied in the model defined by the Uruguay Round which created precise regulations for agricultural-food merchandises and textiles-clothing, leting high duties on some merchan dises. Even if these regulations founder been weakened by farther WTO statute law, the EU still applies a assortment of techniques. scathe support and export subsidiesExport subsidies have became the chief instrument of domestic help monetary value support in Europe. The dirty money sector is one of the most conclusive illustration, being a major receiver of subsidies. To distinguish a few, Tereos Group ( France ) , Azuc bera Ebro ( Spain ) , Krajowa Spolka Cukrowa ( Poland ) received severally about a178 million, a119.4 and a135 million in aid in 2009 9 . 1.5 billion per twelvemonth is spent on subsidizing sugar sector, as a monetary value of 632 euros per metric ton batchful be guaranteed to makers 10 . It makes two times the universe monetary value. The EU is one of the primal universe s exporter of sugar Beta vulgaris ( EU was the first exporter earlier CAP reform 11 ) even though its production cost is higher(prenominal) than in Brazil or Thailand. Besides, tariff bar riers argon still obligate on cane-sugar exporters. Harmonizing to this trade policy, 3rd shows have a really restricting entree to the EU market entree. Brazil, Thailand and Australia succeeded in conveying the obiter dictum to the WTO deflexion colony. WTO assessed that EU sugar exports were up to four times more subsidies from separately one twelvemonth than allowed under WTO understandings 12 , conflicting with the WTO agreemement on subsidies and off destineing step ( SCM ) .To this extent, EU trade policy was regarded as protectionist, safeguarding the internal market from third-countries exportations. From the external dimension of the item-by-item market, the chief end of liberalisation was non reached. On the different manus, internal integrating suffered trade entertainment. These types of ordinances have created biaised competition and have exactly permitted to large manufacturers who atomic number 18 capable of run intoing high criterions to come in the mar ket, turn up in a really restricted liberalisation 13 .Voluntary export limitations ( VER )Export subsidies can be associated with voluntary export limitations. VER have been illegalise harmonizing to WTO regulations. However, it remains a tool of EU trade policy, utilizing as a barrier against the flow of Chinese fabric imports for illustration. VER atomic number 18 quantitative limitation as the celebrated illustration is the understanding for restriction of Chinese fabrics measure authorised on the EU market. China voluntary accepted to curtail its imports assisting EU industries to confront competition. Even if import quotas ended in celestial latitude 2008 with the Multiple Fibre Arrangement ( MFA ) taking to farther liberalisation, VER argon still used protectionist tools.Anti-dumping stepsHarmonizing to the WTO web site, dumping occurs when goods are exported at a monetary value less than their normal value, by and large intending they are exported for less than they ar e sold in the domestic market or third-country markets, or at less than production cost 14 . Article 6 of GATT/WTO allows state to develop anti-dumping responsibilities ( ADD ) if unjust competition consequences from. exclusively the EU circumvents the WTO model, utilizing arbitraly just trade regulations. The European Union uses the Community matter to warrant the infliction of ADD which can bear up to fin old ages 15 . However, voices have travel against a protection ill-treatment of these policies. The EU initiated 287 anti-dumping sheaths in ten old ages, between 1998 and 2008 16 . Harmonizing to L. Davis, 59 % of instances have involved Asiatic exports, 22 % from China entirely , in particular be have of the higher competition in chemical and metal sector increase with the development of Asiatic economic systems 17 . China is now the biggest manufacturer of washers and bolts and this led to en major power anti-dumping on its imports for case, duties for steel and Fe fasteners are risen from 26.5 % to 85 % , as we can see on the pie chart below 18 .The developpment of anti-dumping instances underlines the subsitution consequence from duties to non-tarrifs barriers 19 . The rhetoric of liberalisation fells an implicit in protectionism. inception L.Davis, Ten old ages of anti-dumping in the EU economic and political targeting , Ecipe on the job(p) paper, No. 02/2009.The policies applied to these sensitive sectors exemplifie what Professor M. Monti called the ambivalent feeling ( of the EU ) about the external dimension of its individual market 20 . Surely, harmonizing to B.-T. Hanson, it can be possible to liberalise the internal market associated with external protectionism. However, the chief end of EU trade policy is defined as liberalisation of the universe s market. This contradiction between theory and facts is underlined by the vital controversial nature of the nexus between liberalising external trade policy and making a individua l market for 27 states 21 . If what is often called the Fortress Europe does non be, inclinations to protectionism are still important in specifying EU trade policy. The statement of Pearce, Sutton and Batchelor in 1985 remains relevant Even if the European economic systems revive, and there is no rush in protectionism elsewhere in the universe, deficiency of international fight will go on to pose forth force per unit area to protect some sectors in some or all member nations. The disposition if authoritiess to give to these force per unit areas will likely non alter much 22 . Then, if a weak nexus between EU trade policy and individual market liberalisation can be found, the part of EU trade policy to the liberalisation of the SM is non obvious and even seems an obstruction to farther external liberalisation.Discriminatory Trade AgreementThe Union supports trade liberalisation through many-sided dialogues at heart the GATT/WTO, which are based on rule of non-discrimination. Beyond WTO model, the EU has signed legion bilateral understandings with states and regional organisations based on article 24 GATT. For illustration, the EU is presently negociating a handsome Trade Area ( FTA ) understanding with ASEAN.EU creates its ain benefit of penchants that water parting its trading spouses into friends, lesser friends and enemies 23 . These understandings create different degrees of trade liberalisation. It can be deep integrating as it is conventional in Europe ( EEC ) or free trade understandings as with Mediterranean states. The EU has too signed partnership understandings with many African, Caribbean and Pacific ( ACP ) states or has established Generalized System of certificate of indebtedness Preferences for the poorest countries. 24 In general they are called Preferential Trade Agreements ( PTA ) and can be defined as a assortment of agreements that favour member parties over non-members by widening duty and other non-tariff penchants . 25 B eing of such discriminatory intervention can menace the liberalisation of planetary trade by doing trade recreation. Trade recreation exists because states within trading axis will instead merchandise between them even if the states outside the axis would hold a natural relative advantage. 26 The most know instance of favoring the regional penchants was the Banana instance when the ACP states have enjoyed discriminatory entree to the EU market even if the manufacturers from Latin America were the cheapest. This caused a excess loss in economic footings. The SM undergoes external factors that limited complete liberalisation.However, the complex system of discriminatory trade policy does non ever have the lone position of trade liberalisation. As for illustration, under economic grounds are frequently concealed political 1s protections of human rights or labor criterions travel beyond the pure trade outlets 27 . These understandings are frequently asymmetric, between powerful EU and the development states, which is in a weaker economic and political place and can non very enforce its demands. Trade policy can be seen as a tool of advancing development and assistance to hapless states as in the instance of ACP-EU Partnership understanding Everything tho Arms plan. The last 1 is a good illustration of understanding which in the name of trade penchants is allowing zero-tariff entree to EU s market for all merchandises from these states, except weaponries and weaponries, but in world the most competitory goods from these states as bananas or sugar are excluded from the trade. 28 The understandings of this type do non advance the benefits of farther liberalization to developing states, but are protecting their ain involvements. 29 The last controversial points about application of common commercial policy are non-trade values used by EU to protect internal market. EU values such as health, labor criterions, environment, rural development or cultural diversen ess are grounds of curtailing the imports from other states. 30 We can mention to the prohibition on importing of meat from USA that is known to be treated with endocrines. EU argues that there are possible wellness hazards linked to immune system harm in kids. 31 Refering this issue we need to empha size the importance of precautional rule which is defined by the Commission as the precautional rule applies where scientific grounds is deficient, monstrous or unsure and preliminary scientific rating indicates that there are sensible evidences for concern that the potentially unsafe effects on the environment, homo, reinvigorate being or works wellness may be irreconcilable with the high degree of protection chosen by the EU . 32 By utilizing this rule EU can curtail the importing of goods from its trading spouses on the footing of protection of consumers.Labour criterions and environmental protection are frequently used to condition the decision of bilateral or regional understa ndings. AA The EU is steadfastly act to advancing core labour criterions and nice work for all in its trade policy, and routinely includes cooperation enterprises and inducements to dampen working conditions in the trade understandings it negotiates. 33 A AServicessServicess became a guinea pig of international dialogues merely on the Uruguay Round ( 1986-1994 ) and resulted in the sign spoken language of General Agreement on Trade in Services ( GATS ) . Members committed themselves to avoid any favoritism in the application of its criterions or standards for the mandate, licensing or enfranchisement of services providers and to non curtail trade in services 34 . contempt this declaration, the liberalisation of services is still in its babyhood 35 . cover version more than 70 % of EU s GDP 36 , services are instead secondary in its trade forms. Merely 20 % of services, produced in 27 Member States, are provided abroad ( including intra-trade ) 37 .Szymon Bielecki, Sylvie Gori . EU27 international trade in services declined in 2009 following the oncoming of the planetary pecuniary crisis. Eurostat Statistics in focal point. 37/2010, p. 4.Service liberalisation is non achieved even on the internal degree of the EU. Monopolies still exist in European states. For illustration, each national railroad company tends to continue dominant place on domestic market. It leads to tensenesss and competitory disadvantages for other possible providers, e.g. such a instance has late occurred between SNCF and DB for the entree to the Gallic web 38 . careless(predicate) the acceptance of Service Directive 39 , which aimed to advance the liberty to format up a concern in another MS and the freedom to supply services in other MS, the state of affairs with liberalisation of EU Trade in services did non alter significantly. This directive does non merely have considerable spreads in ordinance of legion services, but besides does non concern 3rd states 40 . The EU for good feels the deficiency of the viscid trade policy in services. A divided service market is detrimental for an economic system largely knowledge-based and service oriented. We should besides spot into history the mutuality of services and thenceforth the ban knock-on consequence of barriers 41 .Technical barriersEU Trade Policy is closely related with other policies, which besides contribute to farther limitations. For case, the protection of the Intellectual Property Rights implies that both trading parties respect and protect rational rights. It resulted in the toughening of EU impost ordinances 42 and in a creative activity of a disposition of precedence states in which state of affairs with IPR protection seems the most damaging to EU fight 43 .Other barriers are tax-related. The EU has a extremely disconnected tax enhancement landscape that creates the loopholes for the dual revenue enhancement or revenue enhancement favoritism of consumers and companies. Another instanc e is the cross-border e-commerce, limited due to the differences in consumer protection regulations, regulations on VAT, recycling fees and levies 44 .The most dearly-won and hard to get the better of are administrative limitations. Harmonizing to EU jurisprudence a service supplier should hold its registered office, primeval disposal or chief topographic point of concern within the Community 45 , which about automatically extinguish any foreign provider from the domestic market. It prevents states or companies from spread outing their end products in sectors where they have a comparative advantage 46 . SMEs ( the anchor of the European economic system 47 ) find themselves in even worse state of affairs than the large companies. The proportion between the antecedently mentioned costs and their size is so immense, that they can non every bit compete with domestic providers and will likely decline to supply cross-border services. Now merely 8 % of SMEs are engaged in cross-bor der trade and merely 5 % have set up subordinates or joint ventures abroad 48 . Harmonizing to the study, the most of import barriers for SMEs met in exporting are, to call a few, the establishing of a commercial bearing abroad ( 16 % of all respondents ) , the deficiency of international criterions for services ( 14 % ) , revenue enhancement issues ( 10 % ) 49 .These limitations have multiple negative effects. They cut down competition between domestic and foreign providers that cause higher monetary values and lower pick for consumers. There are still losing links or constrictions in the Single Market, which exists in theory, but, in world, it is constrained by multiple barriers and regulative obstructions 50 .Decision in spite of the declared EU Single Market ends for the hereafter, such as openness to planetary trade and investing , rejection of protectionism , the remotion of behind-the-border obstructions and greater attending to the international dimension 51 in fixing the new ordinances, in pattern EU states resemble the half-open doors. By and large they have a free entryway, but the breadth of the transition varies well depending on the EU s pyramid of penchants . the EU is frequently accused of holding an ambivalent attitude towards the GATT/WTO. concurrently it actively supports trade liberalisation via Rounds and the edifice up of a universe trade jurisprudence, but refuse to thoroughly implement it.Homes bias + province s different policies.

Against School Essay

Against School Gattos opinion on discipline is extremely intense and straight forward. For the most part I learn with his standing point on the subject of schooling. I agree with his arguments of how we have become a society that completely relies on engineering science to keep us from being bored, and this nonion teaches us to be remove mind alternatively than creative. I also agree that keeping kids locked up in a building for ab fall out seven hours a solar day gives us no room to grow individually and learn from animateness experiences.Not only are students the ones in jeopardy because of this confined structure, further the teachers are as well. Its almost like this narrow minded school system we abide by is just a dark-skinned cloud that hovers over us and imprints this idea that there is no another(prenominal) way to do affaires. When you think about it, school closely resembles what prison house is made out to be. A bunch of unhappy people who would rather be any where but there. This is NOT what bringing up should be about.We should ravish learning, not think of it as a chore or virtuallything to mend over with so that we can move on to the next thing in life. Which is what? More work? We need to focus on pedagogy our brains to engage in activities, enjoy the moment, be curious, and to discover new wonders, not new worksheets. I remember being a kid, gazing out the windowpane on a car ride home, letting my imagination outflow wild, as fast as the car was going. Now whenever I grind for long periods of time, I lean over to look at what my puny brother is doing. Hes constantly staring at some sort of computer screen.I even attempt having a conference with him, asking him if he has any homework he needs benefactor with but all I get in return is the homogeneous absent- minded response that I receive every day later on school, Nope, I already did my homework at school. Im eternally worried that hes not getting an education, but o r else is just receiving a schooling. He never seems engaged in his homework, but is more(prenominal) interested in what video game he can play as soon as hes done. What ever happened to picking up a book and actually practice session the brain to imagine impossible things such as dragons and fairies?Does the board of education honestly think that they are tricking everyone into thinking that you will learn bring out off of a simple worksheet rather than actually going out and doing hands on interactions? Why do they restrict us? Its almost like they emphasis conformity. Its such a contradicting setting, school is. They put so much pressure on us to be individual and be completely yourself, yet they dont allow us freedom to do so. I think we all cover so indifferent to the subject that its only getting worse. And the more we stay indifferent about it, the more the problem will escalate. Its a vicious cycle that has to be stopped.

Evaluation of Software Industry in Bangladesh Essay

Chapter-I founding 1. Origin of the Study The MBA program of DIJ requires that each student complete an internship adherence layoer of at least 10 to 12 weeks with an organization and take away a report on the basis of it. Considering the fast pace of the package fabrication today, I am working one of the youngest and brightest organization in the industry, Hello Dacca, as my place of internship. in that respect is a lot of possibility regarding the future of the softw ar industry, in general.With the comminuted bit of healthy competitor that the industry had been lacking till immediately, it is no doubt that the consumers would soon egin determine its affect in the form of lower prices and more packages to choose from. However, it cadaver a doubt as to which companies would Just survive and which companies would thrive and prosper. Hence, I chose to carry out a comparative analysis of the prospects and challenges of bundle companies in Bangladesh, with particular empha sis on the future prospects of Hello Dacca Pvt.Ltd. 1. 1 Watershed of the software package program Industry In 1955, the worlds premiere software company was formed in the United States. Now, more than sectional a century later the software market has entered a period of drastic change. Many information processing functions found in box software has been transferred to the Web, and the use of open ancestry software (OSS) has become widespread. There are also strong signs that Software as a portion (SaaS) will assume a greater prominence.These pullulatements go beyond a mere discussion of whether to charge fees or to choose between incase software or contracted uprisement, or to use open source or proprietary software they crap shaken the software industry to its very foundation. Will the software industry continue to develop as a high-tech industry, or will creative destruction buy the farm and a new industry rows from the ashes? Perhaps the industry will go altogether and become just another business service standardised embedded software?Tim OReilly describes three long-term trends in the phylogenesis of software (1) commoditization, (2) network collaboration, and (3) SaaS 2. History & Definition of the Software Industry Software Industry consists of that part of figurer computing device calculator programming activity that is traded between software-producing organizations and embodied or individual software consumers. Traded software represents only a fraction of domestic software activity, whose extent cannot be reliably estimated, since much computer rogramming takes place in spite of appearance firms and its value is not captured by the industrial numerate or software industry analysts.According to the industry analyst INPUT, in 2000 the U. S. market for traded software was $138 billion (Table 1). The U. S. software in the year 2000 were $259 billion, accord to the trade publication Software Magazine. The traded software industry co nsists of three master(prenominal) sectors programming serve, enterprise software products, and shrink-wrapped software products. These three sectors became established in the mid-1950s, the mid-1960s, and the late 970s, respectively, in response to the technological opportunities and the business environment of the time.The around successful firms developed specialized capabilities that enabled them to prosper within their sector however, this long suit made it difficult to move into other sectors, and very few firms have been successful in more than one software sector. It should be far-famed that the software industry is not confined to autarkic software vendors, solely also includes computer manufacturers such as 18M, Unisys, and NCR who supply programming operate and software products alongside their hardware offerings and are among he largest software suppliers.These are sometimes referred to as captive markets because computer users have relatively little choice in the supplier of basic operating software for corporal systems. 2. 1 Programming Service The first commercial electronic computers usually known as mainframeswere sold in the early 1950s. They were very expensive, typically renting for $100,000 a year. Most computer-owning corporations undertook their own program development and operations, for which they retained a staff of up to thirty or forty individuals.This was not a disproportionate expense in relation to the overall be of unning a computer. By the mid-1950s, however, mainframe prices had fallen significantly, and computer use balmy rapidlythe acresal computer stock rising from 240 mainframes in 1955 to over four grounds by 1960. Owners of these more moderately priced computers were often opposed to recruit a permanent programming staff, preferring instead to commission programs from software contractors. Many of the early programming services firms were established by programming entrepreneurs to satisfy this demand.The f irst such firm, the Computer Usage Corporation (CUC), was bodied in New York in 1955 by two ormer IBM programming employees, and the firm initially specialized in developing expert applications for the rock oil and engineering industries. The capital barriers to software contracting were (and remain) very low, and it was often verbalise that all one needed was a coding pad and a pencil. The most important capability was the technical knowledge of the principals, usually acquired through with(predicate) working with a computer user or manufacturer.Several cardinal firms entered the programming services industry in the second half of the 1950s. In a majority of cases, the firms pecialized in particular technical applications, or within a vertical market such as financial services, retail, or manufacturing. A very different type of entrant came into programming services in the mid-1950s, specializing in the construction of very large programs that were beyond the technical capab ility of even the largest and most sophisticated users. The first firm of this strain was the Systems Development Corporation (SDC), a subsidiary of the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica.SDC was incorporated in 1956 to develop the programs for the giant SAGE air-defense system. more than a million computer instructions. SDC employ several(prenominal) hundred programmers, estimated at the time to be perhaps halfof the nations programming manpower. SDC also trained hundreds of individuals to become programmers. There was, however, a rapid turnover of staff, as experienced programmers left for more mercenary employment in the private sector. At the time, SDC was hailed as the university for programmers and it was said that in the 1960s, SDC alumni were to be found in almost every major software firm in the country.SAGE was a real-time system, in which the computer lay at the heart of an information system that esponded instantaneously to external events. As the U. S. government deploy ed more and more real-time defense systems in the late 1950s and 1960s, systems integrators such as TRW, MITRE, General Electric, Wasting house, Hughes Dynamics, and Lockheed began to develop expertise in software construction. Real-time technologies were hugely expensive to precede but once established by the military, they quickly diffused into the civil sector in applications such as airline reservations and on-line banking.When atomic number 63 and the rest of the world began to catch up in the 1960s, American independent software firms and the programming ervices operations of computer manufacturers had a strong first-mover advantage. By the late 1960s, the most successful of the start-up software contractors had become significant firms. For example, by 1967 CUC had 700 employees, offices in twelve U. S. cities, and annual sales of$13 million. CUC, and firms like it, now offered a broad range of computer services that went well beyond program writing.Another firm, the Comput er Sciences Corporation of El Segundo, California, established in 1959 by five programmers to write software for computer manufacturers, grew to ecome one of the largest computer services firms in the world (which it remains, with revenues in 2000 of$9. 4 billion, and sixty-eight thousand employees worldwide). Nonetheless, giant firms are the exception and the programming services industry is signally lacking in concentration. By the late 1960s there were several hundred programming services firms, but less than fifty of them had as many as a hundred employees.

Gas Diffusion Essay

OBJECTIVESDetermine the gas diffusion coefficient of acetone victimization the established Winkelmanns mannerKEYWORDSDiffusivity, Gas Diffusion Coefficient, Winkelmanns methodOVERVIEWThe friendship of physical and chemical properties of certain materials is important because very lots process engineering deal with the transformation and distribution of these materials in bulk. adept such property is diffusivity. Mass take away by diffusion takes organize when there is a dumbness gradient of the diffusing component. Naturally, the diffusion in gas strain is much faster than the diffusion in smooth-spoken phase due to the small spaces between the elements that hinder some other molecule movement. Other factors that will proceeds the diffusion are temperature, density, concentration and other external factors.1. INTRODUCTIONThis experiment has been designed for students experiment on the proficiency of determining diffusivity of the vapor of a volatile liquid based on the e stablished Winkelmanns method. In this method the volatile liquid is allowed to dissolve in a vertical glass supply over the hap of which a stream of vapor-free gas is passed. A irrigate bath is provided for maintaining a steady temperature so that there is no eddy current in the vertical tube and the great unwashed transfer takes place from the surface by molecular diffusion alone. The rate of drying up can be followed by the rate of drop cloth of the liquid surface. A traveling microscope is provided for determining, the liquid fall. With the knowledge of the concentration gradient, the diffusivity ofthe vapor of the volatile liquid can then be calculated.2.THEORYWhen a concentration gradient exists within a fluid consisting of both or more components, there is a tendency for each move outice to flow in such a direction as to cut out the concentration gradient. This is called mass transfer. Mass transfer takes place in any a gas phase or a liquid phase or in both simul taneously.When a liquid is allowed to evaporate in a narrow vertical tube and a steady temperature is maintained, mass transfer takes place from the surface by molecular diffusion alone. This is the technique developed by Winkelmann to determine the diffusivity of the vapor of a volatile liquid. By monitoring the evaporation rate, which is the rate of fall of liquid surface, and with the knowledge of concentration gradient, one may then calculate the diffusivity.The rate of mass transfer is failn by(1)where,D=diffusivity m2/sCA=saturation concentration at interface kmol/m3L=effective distance of mass transfer mCT=total molar concentration kmol/m3CBm=logarithmic mean value of CB kmol/m3Considering the evaporation of the liquid(2)where,L=density of liquid kg/m3M=molecular burthen kg/kmolCombining equations 1 and 2 we get,(3)Integrating and putting L = L0 at t = 0(4)Values of L0 or L will non be measured accurately but accurate values of (L L0) are available.Thus, rearranging equa tion 4or,(5)A plot of t/ against will give a slope s(6)Diffusivity D can then be calculated from equation 63.START UP AND SHUT- DOWN PROCEDURES3.1Start-up turn preceding to running an experiment, students are advised to perform the following start-up procedure1.Fill the water bath with clean (preferably filtered) water to approximately 30 mm from the top.2.Plug the mains business line to the electrical supply. Be sure that the voltage of the supply is correct to causal agent the equipment.3.Switch on the main power on the control panel.4.Adjust the set-point value on the temperature control to 50 C.WarningDo not set the temperature controller beyond 70 C.5.Switch on the bullet train. proceed the water temperature heats up to 50 C and remains constant.6.Switch on the commit pump. Adjust the needle valve so that a steady low velocity of air stream is sight at the end of the fictile tubing.7.The equipment is now ready for student experiment.b)Priming Procedure for the Capillary TubeBefore using the capillary tube in an experiment using acetone, students are advised to clean the inside of the tube.1.Prepare a weak solution of detergent.2.Use a Hirschmann pipette to fill the tube with the solution. Tapping the outdoors of the tube may be necessary if the solution is trapped and does not flow down.3.Turn the tube upside-down and shake. Empty the tube.4.Repeat steps 2 to 3 with acetone.5. The tube is now ready for student experiment.c)Shut-down ProcedureAfter the consequence of an experiment, students are advised to shut down the equipment as follows1.Switch off the heater and air pump.2.Adjust the set-point value of the temperature controller to approximately 5 degree on a lower floor the room temperature.3.Allow the water to cool down until it is safe to touch. Open the debilitate valve and empty the water tank.4.Detach the flexible tubing and clean the capillary tube for next use. (Refer to priming procedure)5.Switch off the main power. Unplug the main business if the equipment will not be used for a long period.4.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES1. coiffure the start-up procedure as outlined in section 3.2.Initially switch off the air pump.3.Partially fill the capillary tube with acetone to a perspicaciousness of about 35 mm.4.Carefully insert the capillary tube through the satisfactory on top of the water bath cover. Do not over-tighten the fitting.5.Observe the sign level of acetone through the microscope. Record the level in the table.6.Connects the flexible tubing from the air pump line to one end of the capillary tube. Switch on the air pump.7.After 10 minutes, switch off the air pump. Disconnect the flexible tubing and detach the capillary tube from the fitting. Observe and record the level of the acetone.8. Repeat steps 5 to 6 at 10 minutes intervals.9. Record the time, acetone level and liquid fall in the table below.5.0RESULTTime,t(ks)Level ofAcetone, L(mm)Liquid devolve(L L0)(mm)t/(L L0)(ks/mm)6.0TUTORIALS6.1 Plot t/ aga inst. Determine gas diffusivity, D from the obtained slope, s. abandoned all of your calculation at the appendix in the experiment report. 6.2 examine the experimental value with the theoretical value that can be predicted from semiempirical equations (e.g. modified Maxwells equation by Gilliland). 6.3 Discuss the factors that effect the diffusion of acetone from the graph that have been plotted. 6.4 Base on fair game of the experiment and the theory in gas diffusion makes a cobblers last from your finding.7.0 SAFETY AND MAINTENANCE frequent Safety Procedure1.Always read and pick up the manual properly before attempting to operate the equipment. 2.Always wear proper arise during laboratory session. It is highly recommended that eye protection and gloves are used. 3.Be careful when use hazardous material. Always refer to the material safety data sheet. stave off inhaling in great amount any hazardous material. 4.Avoid any release onto electrical components to prevent electri cal shock. 5.Avoid touching hot surfaces (e.g. heater) to prevent uncase burn. 6.Always conduct experiment in a properly ventilated room.General Maintenance Procedure1.Do not operate the equipment if any of the components is found to be faulty. Consult the instructor for assistance. 2.Disconnect the equipment from electrical supply when not in use. 3.Drain the water from the water bath.4.Clean the water bath thoroughly after use.Values for weighing1. L = 760.0 kg/m32. M = 58.08 kg/kmol3. Partial pressure P* = 0.8062 atm4.where for acetone,CB1=0.0377 kmol/m3CB2=0.00731 kmol/m3CA=0.0304 kmol/m3CT=0.0377kmol/m3