Critical Appraisal Of A Research Paper Nursing Essay

Critical Appraisal Of A Research Paper Nursing experimentResearch is the key contributor of professional development in many professions, particularly healthc ar. It allows practicians to inform, adjust and proctor particular ways of practice or abbreviates. The ability to evaluate look severalize appropriately is native to avoid the assumption that all published interrogation is of equal merit and validity. In order to critically appraise the article, Clinical handover in the injury setting a soft study of paramedics and trauma ag sort out members (Evans, Murray, Patrick, Fitzgerald, Smith Cameron, 2010), the ten point CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, 2006) framework is recitationd. Current literature will be apply to guide the discussion and reflection in order to conclude the overall strength of this article.The studys aims be shortly stated and numbered clearly. This is of splendor in enquiry keeping the briny focus well established and succinct, allow ing referees to easy understand the objectives (Collins, 2010 Gerrish Lacey, 2010 Stommel Wills, 2004). and reduce the chance of inter- police detective confusion. The authors discussed their reasons for focussing on clinical handovers, high opening that communication difficulties can work to serious, even fatal mistakes. A previous study is used to confirm the severity of this problem. Khan (2008) illustrates the benefits of development previous studies in ones mount enforce the discussion of why the research is relevant. The researchers discuss the MIST (Mechanism-Injuries-Signs-Treatment) scout used in the military, pointing out that little is spotn almost its effectiveness in more general settings. Other ways of improving communication are discussed, such as radio pre-alerts and the use of electronic tablets, noting that as yet effectiveness is unproven, supporting the value of this vernal research.The researchers obtain not disclosed reasons for choosing qualitativ e methodology however, it is appropriate to their aims. They intended to obtain and illuminate personal views and indispensable experiences of using the MIST template during handover, in turn modifying the template in response to recurring findings. The stated aim of understanding issues bear upon handover efficiency can be best researched via the qualitative method in order to gain participants interpretations of the early(a) professionals compound and to enlighten the interactions between these free radicals (Block, 2006). The gathering of opinions on entropy transmission methods and entropy display in spite of appearance the emergency department (ED) provides a more in-depth understanding of how errors fall and nurturemore, how this problem could be improved (Bowling Ebrahim, 2005).The research design used in this study is grounded theory. This specifically enables a untested theory to arise from selective information in order to explain brotherly phenomenon and hum an behaviour (Chears, 2009 Williams, 2012). It could be argued that the researchers are not evolution a new theory in relation to the improvement of the negligible dataset as they merely vary the MIST template (an already established theory), whereas typically, grounded theory forms a theory from original data salt away during a study, not by testing a theory from previous literature in the discipline (Giles, 2002). In contrast, Henandez (2011) recommends using datasets from previous research in order to collate secondary and primary research, allowing the gang of ideas to form a theory. Furthermore, the findings seem to show that grounded theory has been used within attributes of an affective and ineffective handover A set of ideas designed to explain what constitutes handover quality has been developed. An example 11 out of the 17 participants expressed that a despicable handover includes extraneous information and interruptions. The researchers developed this as a theory t o explain why poor handovers may occur. They switch described their use of grounded theory but not clarified why they flip used this method or with what aims they wished to develop new theories.In relation to the recruitment strategy, Daymon Holloway (2011) illuminate the importance of disclosing the setting, timeframe and people involved in research in order to clarify the boundaries of the study. Here, details of inclusion of participants are thorough and well preserve, including geographical locations, timeframes and demographics. Table 1 shows all participants had a mean of 5 geezerhood post-graduate experience, indicating that those with considerable experience were selected. The researchers used purposive sampling method to find a representative group (participants with experience of transporting trauma patients to a trauma service) and used convenience sampling within this representative group to ensure all participants could contribute to the data (Monsen Horn, 2008). Purposive sampling is highly targeted and forms a specific group, resulting in this method being subject to diagonal, however, if the researchers are aiming to investigate a phenomenon relating to specific groups of people (e.g. paramedics and trauma team up members), then purposive sampling is appropriate to warrant the correct target group is selected (Newell Burnard, 2011). In addition, the researchers throw away explained how they have selected a representative trauma team sample by involving individuals from different specialty groups involved in oversight of trauma patients (e.g. burns, anaesthetics). in that respect is no record of anyone who chose not to take part.Data compile via semi-structured interviews was an appropriate way to address the research aims, but there are flaws. Researchers needed to record the subjective experiences of this group of professionals in order to touch on the key factors causing communication errors. However, information such as the lo cation of interviews is not stated. Japec (2008) points out how the social context of interviews can affect responses. We do not know whether interviews were carried out in a controlled environment (i.e. in the same room, similar time of day and without disturbances). Moreover, the researchers have not disclosed the reasons why the interview method was chosen. Moniff and Whitehead (2010) and Blaikie (2010) illustrate the importance of including this information, to allow the reader to see the relevance of chosen data collection techniques. Furthermore, there is no description of how the data was recorded a vital element in research to increase confirmability and replicability (Gerrish Lacey 2010). The form of data cannot be wondrous with the software used (NVIVO 8.0) as it can upload text, videos and tape recordings (Edhlund, 2007).The use of a minimum topic guide for interviews ensures that similar data is collected from participants and eliminates the sequence of oral sexs bei ng different (Holloway Wheeler, 2010). However, the researchers were ambiguous when discussing their use of the topic guide in the study design. They state it was used when interviewing the trauma team speciality groups about the minimum dataset for handover, yet, do not clearly state whether it was used for questions on effective and ineffective handovers, data transmission or data display (even though these prompts appear in the topic guide). at that place is to a fault no reference to use of the topic guide during interviewing paramedics (although paramedic specific questions are present on the guide leading to assumption that the guide was used).The interview method enhances data as it shows be speech and non-verbal interactions (Gerrish Lacey, 2010). However, it can skew results social desirability can lead to the participant answering a question so as to please the researcher or sound like a good practitioner (Rubin Babbie, 2010). In addition, the interviewer effect may occur (where interviewers subtly crook participants responses through wording of the questions or body language), especially as some researchers belonged to the professions being studied.In this research, the relationship between researchers and participants has not been sufficiently reflected upon. There has been no consideration of how reflexivity and experimenter bias may have influenced the choice of questions (e.g. the topic guide), the sample pickax and location. With no comment on who developed the topic guide, we do not know if it was one researcher or a collaboration. This information is essential if experimenter triangulation was utilised, this would decrease the chance of experimenter bias and reflexivity skewing the questions, increasing believability of the research (Merrian, 2009). Researchers have not examined their role within sample recruitment either. One researcher is use by Ambulance Victoria, and another by the Alfred Hospital Presumably personal backgrounds influenced the choice of these two institutions for sample collection, however, there is no personal reflexivity expressed to determine that they have considered their dominance bias in this area. reflexiveness is critical in order to increase the scratchiness of the research recognising how personal experiences, disposition and emotions can influence research choices allows researchers to compensate for this where possible, and understand the importance of documenting subjective issues (Kirby, Greaves Reid, 2006).In consideration of ethical issues, the researchers have not discussed how, or even if they briefed and debriefed the participants. Adequate briefing is essential do participants know exactly what to waitress and are aware of their rights (Fowler, ONeill Helvert, 2011). Briefing withal allows participants to give informed consent and avoids passive deception, whereby the researchers deceive participants by omission (Cottrell McKenzie, 2011). Debriefing is equally important, allowing participants to raise any issues experienced during the research (Jackson, 2011 Morrow, Boaz, Brearley Ross, 2012). An ethics committee has canonical this research, meaning the emotional impacts on researchers and participants have been assessed and the safeguards and well-being of the participants have been evaluated (Holloway Wheeler, 2010). This implies that ethical considerations have adequately been interpreted into account, although more detail should have been provided.With respect to the data summary, grounded theory is defined and clearly explained. In the abstract, thematic analysis was said to be used, but there is no reference to it in the data analysis section. There is, however a clear demonstration of its stages in the description of how the 3 nodes were developed through collecting reoccurring responses and developing them into codes and themes. dedicate coding has been used, which primarily allows codes and subsequently themes to emerge from the text alone by using axial coding in addition, the researchers opinions and categories are implementedwhilst re-reading the text in order to tote up that categories truthfully represent responses and to examine how concepts are related, increasing credibility and validity (Babbie, 2012).However, researchers have not explained how they collaborated to determine what data to present, nor do they disclose any outliers or contradicting results. Reflexivity can affect this process as their subjective thoughts may influence their choices. The researchers have not considered this issue, resulting in reduced credibility (Brink, 2006). They refer to a general consensus when talking about the usability of MIST rather vague and ignoring differing responses. Nevertheless, sufficient data is presented to support the findings. Quotes are implemented to support the data and MIST is rewritten and displayed, including responses. The attribute box allows readers to distinguish differing views between professionals adding credibility to the data transmission results. Finally, by assigning a third researcher, experimenter bias is reduced and to some degree helps the issue of reflexivity, as researchers past experiences will all differ, affecting how they may perceive participants answers, and subsequently code the text. Triangulation of researchers adds rigor to the research (Inoue, 2012).There is a relatively clear statement of findings in the research data is sustain under primary nodes developed by thematic analysis clearly and concisely and they are overly logically discussed in the order of aims. Hinshaw (2011) emphasises the importance of clearly presented results to allow the reader easy access to the main outcomes and suggested action points. Specific quotes arising from the interviews to corroborate and increase dependability of the results (Streubert Carpenter, 2011). Discussions are made for and against the researchers suggestions. Supporting discussions incl ude the concept of time out in theatres where team members pause and complete a checklist to ensure safety (this up-to-date practice boasts reduction in surgical error), reinforcing the results where paramedics state an effective handover is one where the receiving body stop and process listening skills. An example where researchers challenge their findings is the reference to a study, concluding information recall of just 36% even when paramedics were provided with handover training. Using evidence to challenge their research demonstrates that the researchers are not prejudiced in party favor of their own results and that they recognise the need to consider additional barriers (Brink, 2006).However, the researchers have not discussed the credibility of their findings they have busy researcher triangulation to reduce intrinsic biases, but have not mentioned how this improves credibility and rigor in the discussion. There is no comment about respondent validation, raising the ques tion whether this was carried out. It is a of checking the truthfulness of research, by liberal participants the findings to comment on if there is any misinterpretation an effective way of reducing researcher bias (Pope Mays, 2006).The value of this research is limited the researchers acknowledge their results form a basis for development and recognise that trails and further research must be carried out. Findings are discussed in light of current practice, recognising that the MIST tool take to be trialled further. Researchers also acknowledge that training will have to be developed for paramedics (as with any new proposed method in ambulance services). It is stated that noise barriers need to be evaluated, however, no new areas of research are proposed. Researchers have not discussed whether their research can be transferred to other populations. They have briefly discussed generalizability, stating the research should be generalised to other hospitals with caution as the data was collected in a busy referral hospital. They also recognise that selecting paramedics with experience in trauma settings can lead to decreased generalizability, as paramedics with less trauma experience may have differing views.In conclusion, this research boasts excellent presentation and structure comprising strong background and aims. Utilising qualitative methodology enabled researchers to gain subjective experiences and views from healthcare professionals to provide a deeper understanding of how communication errors occur during handover and propose a multifactorial strategy for improvement. It could be argued that the researchers are not developing a new theory, therefore not utilising grounded theory correctly, however, there is ample literature disputing this, stating that it is acceptable to build on real theory in order to develop a new one. The research has been carried out in the light of the original aims throughout and the results are clearly presented, with addit ional quotes to enforce points. However, there is minimal consideration of potential biases and the effect of reflexivity, reducing credibility. Furthermore, many methods have not been justified (research method, use of grounded theory, data collection and data presentation) leading to overall low rigor and credibility. 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