Aviation Regulatory Framework Comparison UK Vs USA Engineering Essay

melodic phrase Regulatory Framework Comparison UK Vs ground forces engineer EssayThis field of operation field looks at the tune goernory example in both the joined nation and the united States, their differences and similarities. Due to the high school take of co in operation(p) theater in the midst of the FAA and the CAA and as well EASA most edict is actu on the wholey similar if non the same. By looking at the structure and functions of the regulatory bodies in toll of untroubledty and security it is obvious that because the two countries ar needing for the same high level of ca go forthchouc that they should be taking the same steps in run to do this. The main difference between the regularization of courteous credit linewave between the two countries is the fact that the FAA is the regulation making remains for the US alone whereas the UK has regulation passed to it from EASA which the CAA has to go through over and above each regulations the CAA or the British government may down had in distinguish previously. The US has a dodging where the FAA liter e real(prenominal)y regulates every single human face of gracious aura and although they freely communicate their findings and recommendations with foreign countries the FAA alone catch us Regulatory framework reporting only to the Department of Transport. knowledgeabilityIn this report the atmosphere regulatory framework of the United Kingdom will be comp atomic number 18d and contrasted with the zephyr regulatory framework of the United States. The report will describe the structure and functions of the bodies responsible for air power regulation in both countries while addressing the responsibilities of telephone linedromes, nisuslines and subscriber linecraft manufacturers within the respective frameworks. The issue of UK regulation universe underpinned by EU commandment will in any case be discussed and anomalies between the UK and US framework will be id entified.ReportIn the UK the monument of subject for transport is the government minister responsible for civil air travel. This war machine position is currently held by the Rt Hon Lord Andrew Adonis who oversees the Department for Transport (DfT) which is tangled in a number of aras in civil airmanship although the regulation and supervision of civil airwave is the function of the Civil line government mission (CAA). Aviation commandment in the United Kingdom is statute legality make upd by acts of parliament most of which is covered by the Civil Aviation Act 1982 which lays down the pieces of the main authorities for the accommodate and regulation of civil aviation in the UK, mostly covered by the secretary of state for transport, the department for transport and mainly the CAA. The Civil Aviation Act 1982 aims to the smashing unwashed with issues of roles, functions, duties and policies but does not act alone as opposite legislation affects civil aviation regu lation. For illustration international conventions much(prenominal) as the capital of Poland Convention and the demeanorport Act 1986 which provides of most of the regulation for UK originports (Blackshaw, 1992, p. 30). Civil aviation in the UK is also influenced heavily by EASA who will be discussed in detail later.The CAA is the National Aviation representation (NAA) for the UK and amongst other things deals with most of the linchpin functions of the regulation of civil aviation.The DfT as a government department deals with symmetrical agreements and is directly involved in certain gum elastic issues particularly the probe of aircraft accidents through the Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB). The DfT also has an important role in environmental issues within civil aviation, namely noise and aviation pollution from aircraft emissions and other areas. The DfT is also involved in national drome development and the management of aircraft security (Blackshaw, 1992, p. 31 ) (DfT)Civil aviation in the UK is regulate by the CAA which is an independent body with tariff for economic, guard and consumer protection regulation, and air space constitution (DfT) The CAA provides advice to the government on aviation issues, represents consumer interests and conducts research to provide statistical data. The CAA regulates any(prenominal) aspects of aviation in the UK. In some areas the CAA is the primary regulator although in areas where responsibility for regulation lies with the European Aviation Safety bureau (EASA) The CAA merely implements the Europe wide regulations put forward by EASA.The CAA is coordinate in four main groups, the Safety ordination Group, Economic Regulation Group, Directorate of Airspace Policy and the Consumer Protection Group (DfT). The Safety Regulation Group (SRG) work closely with EASA to modify aviation gum elastic in the UK and crosswise Europe by setting civil aviation standards and ensuring that they are achieved (Tran sport Research Knowledge Centre, 2009). The SRG looks at the proper design, manufacture, operation and sustenance of aircraft in that flight crews and aircraft maintenance engineers are competent and that authorise aerodromes are harmless to use. The SRG also match that air dealings function and general aviation activities invite the required gum elastic standards (DfT). EASA provides regulation for the CAA to implement in the field of aircraft and product evidence and has responsibility for the rules related to the design and maintenance of aircraft products and separate and setting standards for organisations involving design, production and maintenance of these products and move. EASA has also expanded into the CAAs rulemaking role by implementing rules for aircraft operations and flight crew licencing and aims to introduce essential requirements to cover air traffic management and aerodrome activities with air traffic management involving Euro realize which is The Europ ean Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation. (CAA)Nonetheless the CAA is still the UKs NAA and the CAA SRG maintains its responsibility for all aspects not being adopted by EASA and is expected to monitor the safety of UK civil aviation a clearst EASAs Pan European rules and standards whilst ensuring the UKs good safety deed is sustained. The CAA SRG is tasked by with regulatory oversight of production, maintenance and continuing airworthiness management organisations whether sanction to UK or EASA standards. (CAA)The CAA Economic Regulation Group (ERG) looks at UK civil aviation from an economic viewpoint. The ERG regulates airdromes, air traffic services and airlines and provides advice on aviation policy from an economic standpoint (CAA).The ERG aims to secure the beat out sustainable unwrapcome for users of air transport services by promoting liberalisation by removing government restrictions to entering to the airline market and to aid the optimal supply and regula tion of aviation infrastructure (CAA). The ERG acts as an adviser to the government and produces statistical learning on airlines and airportsThe CAA Directorate of Airspace Policy (DAP) is required by the government to devise the most efficient use of airspace coherent with the safe operation of aircraft and the expeditious flow of air traffic whilst taking into consideration the requirements of operations and owners of all classes of aircraft (CAA). The Directorate of Airspace Policy approves and establishes projectled airspace and monitors and enforces standards, rules and regulations. The DAP is required to allocate radio frequencies and secondary radar codes for the use of air traffic control and provides meteorological services to UK civil aviation. (CAA, 2004)The CAA Consumer Protection Group (CPG) has four main responsibilities firstly the CPG regulates the finances and fitness of travel organisers selling flights and package holidays in the UK. The CPG also manage the UKs largest scheme of consumer protection for travellers in the form of Air Travel Organisers Licensing (ATOL). The CPG license UK airlines and enforce European Council requirements in relation to their finances, nationality, and obligation of passengers for death or injury and insurance. Finally the CPG enforce certain other legal requirements and codes of practice for protection of airlines customers.The European Aviation Safety theatrical (EASA) has much bearing on the aviation regulatory framework of the United Kingdom. EASA aims to develop European framework for the regulation of aviation safety employ themselves and the NAAs of the community member states. EASA focuses on a European regulatory system which is focused on seeing that aircraft are properly designed, manufactured, maked and maintained and that airlines expire safely, that flight crews, air traffic controllers and aircraft maintenance engineers are suitably skilful that licensed aerodromes are safe to use and that air traffic control services and general aviation activities meet the required safety standards. (CAA)EASA provides a common foremost at European level to keep air transport safe and sustainable by development common safety and environmental rules at European level. The agency works with the member states NAA to implement standards and provides the necessary technical expertise, cookery and research (EASA). EASA looks towards a single European aviation market and a single European sky and carries out executive responsibilities in the certification of specific models of aircraft, engines or parts ratified for operation in the European Union (EU).The main tasks of EASA are to draftsmanship aviation safety legislation and provide technical advice to the European centering and the Member States as healthy as Inspections, training and standardisation programmes to fancy uniform implementation of European aviation safety legislation in all member States by conducting inspect ions of national authorities as well as operations throughout the EU to monitor the application of EU rules on aviation safety and to assess the effectiveness of these rules. EASA also handles the safety and environmental type-certification of aircraft, engines and parts and approves aircraft design, production and maintenance organisations arenawide. The agency also handles the consent of non EU operators and uses a Safety Assessment of Foreign Aircraft (SAFA) to judge the safety of foreign aircraft using EU Community airports. EASA also uses data collection, abstract and research to improve aviation safety and will soon be responsible for safety regulations regarding airports and air traffic management systems, a responsibility handed to EASA as part of the Single European Sky initiative (EASA).EASA works with the NAAs of the EU members but has taken over many of their functions with the aim of promoting aviation standardisation which will eventually culminate in a Single Europ ean Sky, a much safer alternative to the system we have today. EASA assists the European Commission in negotiating international harmonization agreements with the rest of the world on behalf of its member states which includes working closely with its counterparts around the world much(prenominal) as the national Aviation Administration (FAA). (COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, 2008) (EASA, 2007)The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is an agency of the United States (US) Department of Transportation (DoT) it is responsible for the safety of American civil aviation and regulates and oversees all aspects of civil aviation in the US. The FAA aims to regulate civil aviation to promote safety, encourage and develop civil aeronautics including new aviation technology, develop and operate a system of air traffic control and navigation for both civil and military aircraft and research and develop the National Airspace System including regulating air navigation facilities and fli ght inspection standards. The FAA develop and carry out programs to control aircraft noise and other environmental effects of civil aviation and also regulates U.S. commercial space transportation. (Federal Aviation Administration, 2005).The FAA carries out many activities in devote to fulfil these aims, for safety regulation the FAA issues and enforces regulations and minimum standards covering the manufacture, operation and maintenance of aircraft. The FAA also certifies airmen and airports that serve air carriers. The safe and efficient use of passable airspace is one of the FAAs primary objectives. A network of airport towers, air route traffic control centres and flight service stations are all run by the FAA who develop all of the air traffic rules, assign the use of airspace and control all air traffic. The Federal Aviation Authority also builds, installs, maintains and operates all air navigation facilities and sustains systems to body forth air traffic control and air na vigation. (Federal Aviation Administration, 2005)To promote aviation safety and encourage civil aviation abroad, the FAA exchange aeronautical information with foreign authorities, certify foreign aircraft maintenance organisations, engineers and airmen. Technical aid and training is also provided by the FAA to other countries.The FAA negotiates bilateral airworthiness agreements with other countries and takes part in international conferences. In terms of research, engineering and development, it researches and develops the systems and procedures required for a safe and efficient system of air navigation and control. The FAA actively helps develop let out aircraft engines and equipment and test or evaluate aviation systems, devices, materials and procedures. The FAA administers aviation insurance and develops specifications for aeronautical charts and publishes information on airways, airport services and other technical subject in aeronautics (Federal Aviation Administration, 20 05).The Aviation Safety (AVS) department of the FAA is subdivided into triad parts, firstly leakage Standards (AFS) which includes aircraft maintenance, safety team program, civil aviation registry, Flight Standards rule Office (FSDO), regulatory support and general aviation. The second ingredient of AVS is Aerospace Medicine (AAM) which is responsible for managing all flight doctors and medical certificate deviations. The closing subdivision of AVS is Aircraft Certification (AIR) which covers airworthiness certification, the small airplane directorate and the Manufacturing Inspection District Office (MIDO). (Randy Hansen, 2007)It is clear that in the UK aviation regulation is formulated with great input from the European community in the form of EASA and many powers have therefore been transferred to EASA from the CAA whereas in the US the FAA is the only regulatory power for all aspects of aviation from running air traffic control towers, a traffic that the CAA has licenced t o NATS, to negotiating bilateral airworthiness agreements and administering aviation insurance. The FAA is the NAA for the US and holds all responsibility for aviation safety and oversees all aspects of civil aviation in the US.The responsibilities of airports, airlines and aircraft manufacturers are very similar both in the UK and the US. This is not surprising as ideas on best practise are shared between the two countries extensively, specially in the field of aviation safety. One example of this is in the date of aviation regulations, In the UK we have JARs which are Joint Aviation Requirements whereas in the US they have FARs Federal Aviation Regulations. JARs were introduced as a case of UK and EU collaboration in the production of joint ventures such as Concorde and Airbus, JARs set out common airworthiness requirements that have been agreed upon by all of the cooperating nations. JARs have now been superseded by EASA Parts under the basic regulation, for example JAR 21 ha s been superseded by EASA part 21. The Joint Aviation Authority (JAA) is an associated body of European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) representing the civil aviation regulation authorities of a number of EU states cooperating in developing and implementing common safety regulatory standards and procedures intended on providing high and consistent standards of safety and a level playing field for competition in Europe. Much emphasis is also placed on harmonising the JARs with the FARs in the US (Fisher, 2009).In the UK aircraft manufacturers are regulated under EASA Part 21 acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) and Certification Procedures for Aircraft and related products and parts. Similarly in the US aircraft manufacturers are regulated under FAR 21 certification procedures for products and parts. Aircraft Manufacturers are monitored throughout the design and manufacture process of aircraft and parts by the CAA FAA to ensure they comply with regulations. At the end of this pro cess the aircraft type is certificated for prehend use. It is up to the aircraft manufacturer to follow the internationally recognised standard for airworthiness to gain a Certificate of Airworthiness which is issued in accordance with the ICAO Chicago Convention. Aircraft manufacturers both in the UK and US are responsible for producing aircraft which are safe and fit for purpose. This is tested in four categories Structural integrity, systems integrity, operational integrity and crashworthiness. (EASA, 2008)EASA Part 21 lays down common technical requirements and administrative procedures for airworthiness and environmental certification of products and parts specifying The issue of type certificates and changes to those certificates the issue of certificates of airworthiness the issue of repair design approvals the video display of compliance with environmental protection requirements the issue of noise certificates the identification and certification of products and parts th e certification of design and production organisations and the issue of airworthiness directives. (EASA, 2008)In order to fly commercial services for example carrying passenger or shipment for payment, UK airlines moldiness gain an operating licence from the CAA (CAA). Similarly in the US airlines essential undergo air carrier certification. Under part 121 airlines must comply with regulations and safety standards and manage hazard related risks in the operating environment (FAA, 2009). To qualify for a CAA Operating Licence an airline has to meet a number of requirements in respect of its safety, insurance and financial status. at a time a CAA operating Licence is gained by an airline it is free to operate within the EU. To gain air carrier certification US airlines must follow a very similar system which is set out to determine whether an airline is able to conduct business in a manner that complies with all applicable regulations and safety standards. (FAA, 2009) (FAA, 2008)In the US the FAA requires all commercial airports to have Part 139 certification which ensures a uniform level of safety across all airports. To obtain Part 139 certification an airport must agree to certain operational and safety standards and have sustenance for fire fighting and rescue. The requirements for Part 139 certification vary due to the sizing of the airport and type of flights it operates. Part 139 looks at the airport paperwork and finances and the aircraft straw man area to make sure the runway and pavement conditions, marking and release are safe for use. Part 139 also lays out airport responsibilities in the area of ground vehicle operations and wildlife. Aircraft rescue and fire services are also inspected as are fuel facilities. (FAA, 2009) In the UK airport responsibilities are laid out in CAP 168 Licencing of Aerodromes. CAP 168 requires that in the UK all commercial flights take place at a licenced aerodrome, a government aerodrome or at an aerodrome managed by the CAA.Like Part 139 the requirements laid out in CAP 168 chew over the standards and recommended practices of the ICAO and form the basis for an assessment of the potential suitability of the aerodrome to be licenced taking into account the size of the airport and the type of flights it handles. (CAA) (CAA, 2008)thither are few anomalies between the UK and US aviation regulatory framework as much collaboration and communion now takes place via agencies such as ICAO and EASA to provide the aviation manufacturing with a set of best practices. The main difference between the frameworks is the way the UK is being integrated with the EU using EASA to provide regulation that overrides that of the CAA. EASA will eventually take over most of the duties of the CAA and will provide most of the civil aviation regulation for the EU including the UK. The FAA on the other hand regulates the whole aviation industry in the US, everything from insuring aircraft to regulating commercial space transport. Although the FAA communicates its ideas with the rest of the world the agency retains all responsibility for anything aviation related in the US. Regulation in the US and UK is very similar as a result of this communication and much of the regulation developed from this will be implemented across Europe to create a single European sky and improve aviation safety.ConclusionIn conclusion the aviation regulatory frameworks in place in the UK and the US have their striking similarities but also have very important differences. The FAA works alone in the USA and is the single authority responsible for all aspects of aviation regulation safety and security. In the UK the CAA, our equivalent to the FAA, implements European regulation decided by EASA. UK aviation regulation is underpinned by EU legislation in that EASA aim to create a single European sky and therefore aims to create unity between its member states. The FAA already has this uniformity over the whole of the Unite d States and implements only the regulation it creates itself. Many of the safety regulations that cover airports, airlines and aircraft are very similar between frameworks if not identical in places, this shows that the JARs worked to harmonise EU regulations with US regulations a step still being taken by EASA today.